Why factories are not located in Inner-city areas any more?

During 1951 to 1991 there was an obvious economic decline in industries, which were based in the inner-city areas. Inner-city areas experienced a massive decline in industry during this time. All of the following resulted in the closure of factories, offices and shops: Industries were expanding at such a rate that they were taking up all the room in the inner-city areas. As we already know there is limited room in the inner city, and it would have been impossibility for the industries to expand any more. If they did expand, it would mean that they were expanding into residential areas, which is another impossibility. Once the factories had reached their full capacity in the areas they were situated, they were forced to move. This is a lack of expansion space. Buildings/factories often became out of date. New technologies had been introduced into the industries, and the basically the old factories were unsuited to the modern techniques. Often the buildings became derelict, and too bad to repair. The new factories were bigger and better, and could not expand in the inner city therefore they moved into the suburban areas. As the new companies looked for places to expand into, they tended to avoid the inner city. The infrastructure was poor. The roads were too small to accommodate all the large vehicles. People living in the inner city tend to park their cars on the side of the road therefore causing a blockage, or narrow roads. As the factories closed and moved, so did the majority of the population. As a result shops and restaurants suffered, and struggle to find business.

Lord Of the Flies Mood Essay

With close reference to the extract, show how William Golding creates mood and atmosphere here. (10) In this extract, we notice that it is the ending events of the novel. So, we can identify that all chaos and destructive events have taken place; as a result, their impacts upon the characters have taken their toll. In the opening lines of the extract, Golding (straight away) creates a sombre mood towards Ralph, when the officer said ‘How many of you are there’ and Ralph responded by shaking ‘his head.’ What this shows is that Ralph is clearly astonished and mesmerized – as if he had a flashback- by all the misfortune that occurred on the island. He does not reply verbally, but, by the absence of this, Golding creates an additional distressful mood between Ralph and the reader; which in turn creates a sorrowful atmosphere. This atmosphere is prolonged through when we see the description on the appearance of Ralph. When asked about authority, Ralph says that he is in charge, ‘I am,’ however after this; a sense of visual cleansing effect emerges. In other words, as a reader, it is like the wool has been taken away from Ralph’s eyes, as he realises who he really is, ‘A little boy,’ with a ‘black cap’ and ‘red hair.’ Next we see that the mood changes into a remorseful one when in this section; Ralph may have been reminded of the withdrawal of an adult figure. Yet, when reminded of piggy through the ‘spectacles’ he ‘changed his mind’ and ‘stood still.’ What I infer from this is that Ralph is reminded from the rational and parent like figure of Piggy: which in turn creates a despairing atmosphere. This atmosphere is maintained throughout the extract. We see next that the officer is quite disappointed as a group of ‘British Boys’ would have put on a ‘better show.’ This disappoin ted mood, created by Golding, is inserted to show the escalation of violence and change that has commenced on the island. Also, the removal of law and justice in which the British are popularised to uphold. Ralph himself realises this and through his response, we see his how this was to be, but later, this ‘British society’ had fallen out of hand. ‘It was like that at first,’ ‘we were together then.’ Golding shows this disappointed atmosphere through Ralph’s unfinished sentences. In the last two paragraphs, realisation, of their surroundings, between all the characters have been distinguished. This atmosphere is seen as the island was once a ‘strange glamour,’ now its ‘scorched up.’ Furthermore, with the deaths of Simon, and ‘jack had†¦Ã¢â‚¬â„¢ killed Piggy, tears and sobbing took them  all. In this, we see that there are contrasts to the father and child theme. We see this by the words ‘filthy body’ and ‘unwiped nose’ which can relate to childish features. As a result, this creates a heartfelt mood towards the characters. In the ending, we see that the officer looks at the tri m cruiser in the distance. Why Golding created this is possibly (in my speculation) as a new leaf/page, a symbol for freedom, in turn, creates a positive atmosphere.

A Calm Mind Is A Healthy Mind

A Calm Mind Is A Healthy Mind For many people, a low-grade amount of stress is a part of everyday life. So, they may not recognize that it has a negative impact on their overall health. Studies have shown that feeling stress or anxiety on a long-term basis doesn’t just affect your peace of mind. In fact, you’re more likely to suffer from things like digestive issues and a weak immune system if your mind is persistently stressed. Cortisol, the hormone your body produces when you’re feeling stressed, can take a heavy toll on your physical and mental health. Because of this, giving your mind time to relax and recover is one of the most important self-care routines that you can practice. Your state of mind has the potential to greatly benefit your health, or degrade it, over time. Digestion Your liver produces glucose to give you an energy boost when your body is feeling the effects of stress. Whatever your body doesn’t use is then reabsorbed. However, if you’re suffering from chronic stress, your body may not be able to keep up with the extra blood sugar your liver is producing. You may be at an increased risk of developing type-2 diabetes if your body is producing too much glucose. You’re more likely to have heartburn or acid reflux if you suffer from stress. Stress doesn’t cause ulcers, but it may cause pre-existing ulcers to act up. Sexuality and Reproductive System Stress affects the menstrual cycles of some women. You may have irregular or even non-existent periods or more painful or heavier cycles. Too much stress may magnify the physical symptoms of menopause for women. For men, prolonged periods of stress can result in a drop of testosterone levels, erectile dysfunction and even impotency. For many, the loss of sexual appetite is a common occurrence as a result of too much stress. Immune System Stress is known to stimulate the immune system, which is good if it’s short-term because it helps your body stave off infection and heals wounds. But if you’re stressed for prolonged periods of time, cortisol compromises your immune system. This inhibits histamine secretion and your body’s inflammatory response to foreign dangers. People who are affected by chronic stress are more likely to catch viral illnesses like the common cold. It also takes more time for the body to recover from injuries or illness, if you’re chronically stressed. Relaxation Techniques to Calm Your Mind There are numerous techniques for calming your mind. For some, exercise is an excellent outlet to give their mind time to recharge. Meditation is a well known method for clearing your mind. There are many different styles of meditation, tailored to suit your needs and lifestyle. Remember to focus on the positives rather than focusing on everything that’s going wrong around you. Practice self love and compassion and acknowledge your reality rather than criticizing yourself. Set daily routines that will provide a day-to-day sense of peace and comfort that you can use to escape the stresses of everyday life, even if it’s just for a few minutes each day. The well-being of your mind plays a very significant role in your health, physically and mentally. Maintaining a peaceful state of mind is one of the best ways to protect your body from the negative effects of stress. Remember that stress and anxiety are inevitable hurdles everyone deals with. It’s how you manage the stresses of your everyday life that’s important. It’s also the key to overcoming them.

Personal Statements on Historical American Events Statement

Statements on Historical American Events - Personal Statement Example The corporations started accumulating large reserves and issuing new stocks and this contributed to the stock market crash. The government has undertaken measures to restructure the corporate world through ensuring corporations are run by hired management and ensuring ordinary citizens have a chance of owning a stake through buying shares in listed companies (Zakim and Kornblith 78). The capitalism influence has been curtailed by organized labor since trade unions bargain for minimum wages and better welfare of workers. This has been occasioned by various laws that govern employment practices and more enlightened workforce. The American capitalism has transformed to cater for all stakeholders in the economy including shareholders, employees, lenders, suppliers, government, and society. The management is responsible for ensuring efficiency and balancing the competing interests of various interested groups such as shareholders and employees. The modern management practices have a sense of responsibility towards the society and general public and companies avoid activities that may harm the environment such as pollution. Accordingly, various laws aim at enhancing perfect competition and limiting the influence of cartels and monopolies. Although the recent financial crisis identified some loopholes in corporate governance, measures have been undertaken to ensure that capitalism promotes ownership of property, good business governance and social responsibility. Capitalism has not hindered the freedoms enjoyed by the citizens. The scope of government is limited in a free market economy and its primary roles include safeguarding private contracts, ensuring law and order and fostering competitive markets. The government is also diversified since state governments provide basic amenities such as schools and sewage disposal depending on their by-laws and thus ensuring

Write a paper that addresses how some component of BUSINESS will Research

Write a that addresses how some component of BUSINESS will impact the career for which you are studying - Research Paper Example I believe this component of business will be useful in my career since it will enable me forecast the human resource requirements of the organization and understand how to design the organizational structure depending on the reporting relationships and need for coordination of various related jobs (Griffin 23). This component will enable me become more proactive in my future career and understand how to accurately forecast the human talent demands of the organization. In this case, I will be capable of projecting the likelihood of increase in demand of the products through various management models and plan in advance in order to ensure the organization has the right mix of skills to cater for the future needs (Mathias and Jackson 45) Management will be essential in designing well defined jobs that will ensure task and job clarification. I will be capable of ensuring that the job design caters for the education, skills and other attributes that are essential for effective performance of the job and facilitates cooperation of the related jobs in order to facilitate the attainment of the overall organizational objectives (Griffin 34). As a human talent management professional, I will be tasked with recruitment and training of employees. I believe a major in management will enable me identify numerous recruitment sources and various training methods are suitable for the training needs of the employees. I will ensure the recruitment criteria is aligned with the specific job description and training methods aim at improving the output and productivity of all employees in the organization(Mathias and Jackson 135). This component of business will be essential in my career as a human resource manager since the directing function of managers is relevant in supervision, motivation and leadership of human resources in the organization. Management will introduce me to numerous leadership models and

Consumer Responsibility Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Consumer Responsibility - Essay Example Moreover, consumers are morally responsible for poor working conditions in factories. When consumers demand reduction in price, factories respond by cutting down operational and maintenance cost. This cost is very important for it allows factories provide the good working environment for their workers and dormitories as in the case of the suppliers firm in China, Wal-Mart. Moreover, consumers are morally responsible for poor working conditions in factories. When consumers demand reduction in price, factories respond by cutting down operational and maintenance cost. This cost is very important for it allows factories provide the good working environment for their workers and dormitories as in the case of the suppliers firm in China, Wal-Mart. Another harm the consumers are thought to bring his the employment of workers and employers of under-aged workers. When consumers press for low costs, in order to save more, supplier responds by developing strategies that will cut down on operati onal cost. One of these "strategies" is to lay off workers. Another option is to hire workers at a cheaper cost and this can only happen if the company employs customers close to the legal age but the true fact is that these workers have not attained the legal age to work.  In the Rama Plaza tragedy, consumer contributed a great percentage. Though society blamed the government, builders, and the factory owners for poorly maintaining the plaza, consumer demand for clothes at low prices, was a major contributing factor.

Managing Conflicts in Organizations Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Managing Conflicts in Organizations - Term Paper Example It would not be unfair to say that conflict is inevitable amongst human beings. The constant struggle to get hold of status, resources, power etc amongst humans often results in a form of social interaction called conflict. Thus, conflict can formally be defined as: â€Å"A process which begins when an individual or group perceives differences and opposition between itself and another individual or group about interests and resources, beliefs, values, or practices that matter to them.† (Digirolamo) In the same way that conflicts are inevitable in everyday life, they are also inevitable in organizations. Especially in modern organizations wherein factors such as constant change, employee diversity, team based structures etc make conflict an ever-present. Conflict, however, is not necessarily a bad thing and can help get the best out of individuals within the organizations. Organizations must therefore make sure that they do not discourage conflict but rather manage it smartly s o that it can work to its advantage. Thus, conflict can be looked at in different ways in organizations: Conflict as war – When parties treat conflict as a must-win war. Conflict as opportunity – When parties use the conflict as an opportunity to be more creative, to grow and to improve on what they already are. Conflict as journey – When parties use the conflict as a search for common ground. The first view of conflict is a win-lose situation. Such a situation is not good for the organization in any way because such conflict is destructive. The other two views on the other hand are constructive in nature and are desirable for organizations because they create win-win situations and help the organization get the best out of its employees. (Kreitner & Kinicki, 2008). Organizations should therefore make sure that its employees treat conflict in the right manner and it is for this purpose that they employ conflict management practices. Conflict management practices involve many different strategies which can be used by organizations to manage conflicts effectively. Some of these strategies are discussed below. The first technique that managers can use is fostering functional conflict. Functional conflict can be defined as the kind of conflict which is beneficial to the organization’s interest. (Kreitner & Kinicki, 2008) Managers looking to infuse their decision making teams with creativity and passion very often look towards stimulating functional conflict. There are two ways of doing this. The first method is to fan the naturally arising conflicts between different parties. This method, however, is very unreliable and may end up stimulating dysfunctional conflict. The other method is to employ programmed conflict. Programmed conflict can be defined as â€Å"conflict that raises different opinions regardless of what the managers personally feel about the issue.† This method requires disciplined role playing by everyone involved (Kreitner & Kinicki, 2008). The two best methods of programmed conflict are devil’s advocacy and dialectic decision method. Devil’s Advocacy is the technique in which someone is assigned the role of a critic and is told to air all possible objections to an idea. (Kreitner & Kinicki, 2008). Dialectic Decision Method simply requires fostering a debate of opposing points of views prior to making a decision in order to better understand the whole issue (Kreitner &

Changes in Intercollegiate Athletic Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Changes in Intercollegiate Athletic - Assignment Example The participation of gaming at colleges has to lead to the formation of national teams taking part in Olympics, tournaments, and creation of professional leagues. The paper dwells on the discussion on changes that have taken place in the intercollegiate athletic. Introduction of athletic scholarship among universities has seen many students discover and nurture their talents besides seeking education. The opportunity has improved sports activities among students, encouraging more female scholars to take up athletic practices. Arianne & Zullo estimates that 78 percent of athletics in universities enroll on scholarship from research done in Penn State. School sports help in achieving education mission as the team such as basketball, hockey development innovative programs that aid in instilling discipline and hard work among scholars. Provision of incentives to athletics and distribution of funds to institutions belonging to the National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA) has resulted in the commercialization of sporting activities. Lavish spending is among the main problems facing college sports because many universities pour a large amount of money on types of equipment and facilities in order to produce excellent players in soccer, basket ball forgetting to adhere to the institution’s budget. Failure to plan sports’ events has seen colleges run in sports deficit because funds are to cater for scholarship as well as support sporting, forcing the state and donor to offset the debts even worse use fee levied from all students. In the recent past, athletic achievement has been recognized in the job market thus creating an opportunity for the participants rather than dwell on academics performance alone. The experience both educational and athletic earned during the tenure is essential in the everyday life.

Strategic management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Strategic management - Essay Example The products of the company are sold in the market with various brand names like Audi, Skoda, SEAT, Bentley, Bugatti, Volkswagen Commercial Vehicles, Lamborghini, Bugatti, and so on. The company’s business activities are mainly operated in the geographical locations of North America, Europe, Asia-Pacific, and South America. The organisation is headquartered at Wolfsburg, Germany and was founded in the year 1937 (Yahoo Finance, 2012a). The shares of Volkswagen are publicly traded in the Frankfurt Stock Exchange with the ticker symbol â€Å"VOW†. The company is found to have strategic alliances with other leading companies like Porsche AG, Chrystal Group, Daimler AG, etc. At present it is considered to be the market leader in the car manufacturing industry of Europe (Yahoo Finance, 2012b). This study entails about identifying and evaluating the business strategies followed by Volkswagen to maintain its leadership position in the market. Various strategic tools like PESTEL and SWOT analysis have been performed in this study to gain understanding and knowledge about the micro and macro environment factors having an impact on the company and how it has managed to become profitable and sustainable in the given market environment. Market Identification Volkswagen Group operates its business in the global automotive industry and has successfully managed to maintain its leadership position in the market through effective management of available resources in the industry. Porter’s five forces model helps an organization to assess the competitive forces which exists within the industry (Hill & Jones, 2012, p. 49). The forces which help in the process are named as a) threat of new entrants, b) threat from the substitute products or services, c) bargaining power of the suppliers, d) bargaining power of the consumers, and e) competition within the industry (Society for Human Resource Management (U.S.), 2006, p. 38-39). As regards the Volkswagen Group, co mprehensive analyses of these market forces existing in the global automotive industry have been discussed as given below: A. Buyer Power: The buyer power in the automotive industry is weak because it is mainly dominated by a small number of car manufacturers like Volkswagen, Ford, and General Motors. The primary buyers are the dealers and they are forced to sell the product brands that are preferred by the consumers in a particular market. Moreover, it is difficult for the dealers to integrate backwards because of different nature of the industry that requires high capital investment to manufacture products that are sold by them to the end customers. B. Supplier Power: The key inputs that are required by the automobile manufacturers like Volkswagen include certain commodities like metals and other fabricated components. These raw materials are sourced by the car manufacturers from outside suppliers who are mostly large multinational companies having a strong presence in the market. This increases the supplier power in the market. However, the supplier power is weakened due to low differentiation of raw materials required by the car manufacturers. Hence, overall the supplier power is moderate in nature. C. Threat of New Entrants: If we speak of the threat of new entrants in the market it can be adjudged as low because brand value plays a vital role in the industry and it is difficult for the new players to establish their brand reputation immediately after entering into the market. Companies

Paul Tillich Response to Modern Criticism Essay Example for Free

Paul Tillich Response to Modern Criticism Essay The later part of 20th century witness a renewed question of empiricism in philosophy of religion. The question is concerned with what patterns a religious reasoning and religious language should take in determining the existence of God, the belief in God, the reality of a good God and the existence of evil. The approach is championed by logical positivism based on verification principles of ascertain meaning only by sense experience. The Modern Empiricism as discussed in this paper covers the period of tale end of 1500 AD to the end of 1800 AD, that is 16-19 century. This course explores the themes of Paul Tillichs philosophical theology, with special attention to his analysis of meaning and its apparent loss in modern society. The course will also evaluate Tillichs response to the problem of meaninglessness and his effort to interpret the Christian message. WHAT IS EMPIRICISM? According to John Scott Gordon Marshall, empiricism, in philosophy, is â€Å"the attitude that beliefs are to be accepted and acted upon only if they first have been confirmed by actual experience†. This broad definition accords with the derivation of the name from the Greek word empeiria, meaning â€Å"experience. † Primarily, and in its psychological application, the term signifies the theory that the phenomena of consciousness are simply the product of sensuous experience, i. e. of sensations variously associated and arranged (Andrew M. Colman: 2003:242). It is thus distinguished from Nativism or Innatism. Secondarily, and in its logical (epistemological) usage, it designates the theory that all human knowledge is derived exclusively from experience, the latter term meaning, either explicitly or implicitly, external sense-percepts and internal representations and inferences exclusive of any superorganic (immaterial) intellectual factor. Empiricism is thus opposed to the claims of authority, intuition, imaginative conjecture, and abstract, theoretical, or systematic reasoning as sources of reliable belief. Its most fundamental antithesis is with the latter (i. e., with Rationalism, also called intellectualism or apriorism). Forms of Empiricism According to Catholic Encyclopedia empiricism appears in the history of philosophy in three principal forms: (1) Materialism, (2) Sensism, and (3) Positivism. a. Materialism: Materialism in its crudest shape was taught by the ancient atomists (Democritus, Leucippus, Epicurus, Lucretius), who, reducing the sum of all reality to atoms and motion, taught that experience, whereof they held knowledge to be constituted, is generated by images reflected from material objects through the sensory organs into the soul. The soul, a mere complexus of the finest atoms, perceives not the objects but their effluent images. With modern materialists (Helvetius, dHolbach, Diderot, Feuerbach, Moleschott, Buchner, Vogt, etc. ), knowledge is accounted for either by cerebral secretion or by motion. b. Sensism: All materialists are of course sensists. Though the converse is not the case, nevertheless, by denying any essential difference between sensations and ideas (intellectual states), sensism logically involves materialism. Sensism, which is found with Empedocles and Protagoras amongst the ancients, was given its first systematic form by Locke (d. 1704), though Bacon (d. 1626) and Hobbes (d. 1679) had prepared the data. Locke derives all simple ideas from external experience (sensations), all compound ideas (modes, substances, relations) from internal experience (reflection). Substance and cause are simply associations of subjective phenomena; universal ideas are mere mental figments. Locke admits the existence, though he denies the demonstrability, in man of an immaterial and immortal principle, the soul. Berkeley (d. 1753), accepting the teaching of Locke that ideas are only transfigured sensations, subjectivizes not only the sensible or secondary qualities of matter as his predecessor had done, but also the primary qualities which Locke held to be objective. Berkeley denies the objective basis of universal ideas and indeed of the whole material universe. The reality of things he places in their being perceived and this perceivedness is effected in the mind by God, not by the object or subject. He still retains the substance-reality of the human soul and of spirits generally, God included. Hume (d. 1776) agrees with his two empiricist predecessors in teaching that the mind knows only its own subjective organic impressions, whereof ideas are but the images. The supersensible is therefore unknowable; the principle of causality is resolved into a mere feeling of successiveness of phenomena; its necessity is reduced to a subjective feeling resulting from uniform association experienced in consciousness, and the spiritual essence or substantial being of the soul is dissipated into a series of conscious states. Lockes sensism was taken up by Condillac (d. 1780), who eliminated entirely the subjective factor (Lockes reflection) and sought to explain all cognitional states by a mere mechanical, passive transformation of external sensations. The French sensist retained the spiritual soul, but his followers disposed of it as Hume had done with the Berkeleian soul relic. The Herbartians confound the image with the idea, nor does Wundt make a clear distinction between primitive concepts (empirische Begriffe, representations of individual objects) and the image: Denken ist Phantasieren in Begriffen und Phantasierenist Denken in Bildern. c. Positivism: Positivists, following Comte (d.1857), do not deny the supersensible; they declare it unknowable; the one source of cognition, they claim, is sense-experience, experiment, and induction from phenomena. John Stuart Mill (d. 1870), following Hume, reduces all knowledge to series of conscious states linked by empirical associations and enlarged by inductive processes. The mind has no certitude of an external world, but only of a permanent possibility of sensations and antecedent and anticipated feelings. Spencer (d. 1903) makes all knowledge relative. The actual existence of things is their persistence in consciousness. Consciousness contains only subjective feelings. The relative supposes the absolute, but the latter is unknowable to us; it is the object of faith and religion (Agnosticism). All things, mind included, have resulted from a cosmical process of mechanical evolution wherein they are still involved; hence all concepts and principles are in a continuous flux. d. Classical Empiricism: Classical empiricism is characterised by a rejection of innate, in-born knowledge or concepts. John Locke, well known as an empiricist, wrote of the mind being a tabula rasa, a â€Å"blank slate†, when we enter the world. At birth we know nothing; it is only subsequently that the mind is furnished with information by experience. e. Radical Empiricism: This was advanced by William James, an American pragmatist philosopher and psychologist, based on the pragmatic theory of truth and the principle of pure experience, which contends that the relations between things are at least as real as the things themselves, that their function is real, and that no hidden substrata are necessary to account for the various clashes and coherences of the world. James summarized the theory as consisting of (1) a postulate: â€Å"The only things that shall be debatable among philosophers shall be things definable in terms drawn from experience†; (2) a factual statement: â€Å"The relations between things, conjunctive as well as disjunctive, are just as much matters of direct particular experience, neither more so nor less so, than the things themselves,† which serves to distinguish radical empiricism from the empiricism of the Scottish philosopher David Hume; and (3) a generalized conclusion: â€Å"The parts of experience hold together from next to next by relations that are themselves parts of experience. The directly apprehended universe needs, in short, no extraneous transempirical connective support, but possesses in its own right a concatenated or continuous structure. † The result of this theory of knowledge is a metaphysics that refutes the rationalist belief in a being that transcends experience, which gives unity to the world. According to James there is no logical connection between radical empiricism and pragmatism. One may reject radical empiricism and continue to be a pragmatist. Jamess studies in radical empiricism were published posthumously as Essays in Radical Empiricism (1912). According to him, it is only if it is possible to empirically test a claim that the claim has meaning. As all of our information comes from our senses, it is impossible for us to talk about that which we have not experienced. Statements that are not tied to our experiences are therefore meaningless. This principle, which was associated with a now unpopular position called logical positivism, renders religious and ethical claims literally nonsensical. No observations could confirm religious or ethical claims, therefore those claims are meaningless. Radical empiricism thus requires the abandonment of religious and ethical discourse and belief. f. Moderate Empiricism: More moderate empiricists, however, allow that there may be some cases in which the senses do not ground our knowledge, but hold that these are exceptions to a general rule. Truths such as â€Å"there are no four-sided triangles† and â€Å"7+5=12† need not be investigated in order to be known, but all significant, interesting knowledge, the empiricist claims, comes to us from experience. This more moderate empiricism strikes many as more plausible than its radical alternative. BRIEF HISTORY OF EMPIRICISM The first Empiricists in Western philosophy were the Sophists, who rejected such Rationalist speculation about the world as a whole and took man and society to be the proper objects of philosophical inquiry. Invoking skeptical arguments to undermine the claims of pure reason, they posed a challenge that invited the reaction that comprised Platos philosophy Plato and to a lesser extent Aristotle were both Rationalists. But Aristotles successors in the ancient Greek schools of Stoicism and Epicureanism advanced an explicitly Empiricist account of the formation of mans concepts or ideas. For the Stoics the human mind is at birth a clean slate, which comes to be stocked with ideas by the sensory impingement of the material world upon it. Yet they also held that there are some ideas or beliefs, the â€Å"common notions,† present to the minds of all men; and these soon came to be conceived in a nonempirical way. The Empiricism of the Epicureans, however, was more pronounced and consistent. For them mans concepts are memory images, the mental residues of previous sense experience; and knowledge is as empirical as the ideas of which it is composed. In medieval philosophy, most medieval philosophers after St. took an Empiricist position, at least about concepts, even if they recognized much substantial but nonempirical knowledge. The standard formulation of this age was: â€Å"There is nothing in the intellect that was not previously in the senses. † Thus St. Thomas Aquinas (1225–74) altogether rejected innate ideas. Both soul and body participate in perception, and all of mans ideas are abstracted by the intellect from what is given to the senses. Mans ideas of unseen things, like God and angels, are derived by analogy from the seen. The 13th-century scientist Roger Bacon emphasized empirical knowledge of the natural world and anticipated the polymath Renaissance philosopher of science Francis Bacon (1561–1626) in preferring observation to deductive reasoning as a source of knowledge. The Empiricism of the 14th-century Franciscan Nominalist William of Ockham was more systematic. All knowledge of what exists in nature, he held, comes from the senses, though there is, to be sure, â€Å"abstractive knowledge† of necessary truths; but this is hypothetical and does not imply the existence of anything. His more extreme followers extended his line of reasoning toward a radical Empiricism, in which causation is not a rationally intelligible connection but merely an observed regular sequence. In modern philosophy, the earlier and unsystematically speculative phases of Renaissance philosophy, the claims of Aristotelian logic to yield substantial knowledge were attacked by several 16th-century logicians, and, in the same century, the role of observation was stressed. One mildly skeptical Christian thinker, Pierre Gassendi (1592–1655), advanced a deliberate revival of the empirical doctrines of Epicurus. But the most important defender of Empiricism was Francis Bacon, who, though he did not deny the existence of a priori knowledge, claimed that, in effect, the only knowledge that is worth having (as contributing to the relief of mans estate) is empirically based knowledge of the natural world, which should be pursued by the systematic, indeed almost mechanical, arrangement of the findings of observation and is best undertaken in the cooperative and impersonal style of modern scientific research. Bacon was, indeed, the first to formulate the principles of scientific induction. A Materialist and Nominalist, Thomas Hobbes (1588–1679), combined an extreme Empiricism about concepts, which he saw as the outcome of material impacts on the bodily senses, with an extreme Rationalism about knowledge, of which, like Plato, he took geometry to be the paradigm. For him all genuine knowledge is a priori, a matter of rigorous deduction from definitions. The senses provide ideas; but all knowledge comes from â€Å"reckoning,† from deductive calculations carried out on the names that the thinker has assigned to them. True knowledge is thus not merely a priori but also analytic. Yet it all concerns material and sensible existences: everything that exists is a body. The most elaborate and influential presentation of Empiricism of this period was made by John Locke (1632–1704), an early Enlightenment philosopher, in the first two books of his Essay Concerning Human Understanding (1690). All knowledge, he held, comes from sensation or from reflection, by which he meant the introspective awareness of the workings of mans own mind. Locke confused the two issues of the nature of concepts and the justification of beliefs. His Book I, though titled â€Å"Innate Ideas,† is largely devoted to refuting innate knowledge. And even so, he later admitted that much substantial knowledge—in particular, that of mathematics and morals—is a priori. He argued that infants know nothing; that if men are said to know innately what they are capable of coming to know, then all knowledge is, trivially, innate; and that no beliefs whatever are universally accepted. Locke was more consistent about the empirical character of all mans concepts and displayed in detail the ways in which simple ideas can be combined to form complex ideas of what has not in fact been experienced. One group of dubiously empirical concepts—those of unity, existence, and number—he took to be derived both from sensation and from reflection. But he allowed one a priori concept—that of substance—which the mind adds, seemingly from its own resources, to its conception of any regularly associated group of perceptible qualities. Bishop George Berkeley (1685–1753), a theistic Idealist and opponent of Materialism, applied Lockes Empiricism about concepts to refute Lockes account of mans knowledge of the external world. He drew and embraced the inevitable conclusion that material things are simply collections of perceived ideas, a position that ultimately leads to phenomenalism; i. e. , to the view that reality is nothing but sensations. He accounted for the continuity and orderliness of the world by supposing that its reality is upheld in the perceptions of an unsleeping God. The theory of spiritual substance involved in Berkeleys position seems to be vulnerable, however, to most of the same objections as those that he posed against Locke. The Scottish Skeptical philosopher David Hume (1711–76) fully elaborated Lockes Empiricism and used it reductively to argue that there can be no more to mans concepts of body, mind, and causal connection than what occurs in the experiences that he has of them. For Hume all necessary truth is formal or conceptual, determined by the relations of identity and exclusion that hold between ideas. Voltaire imported Lockes philosophy into France; and its Empiricism, in a very stark form, is the basis of sensationalism, in which all of the constituents of human mental life are analyzed in terms of sensations alone. A genuinely original and clarifying attempt to resolve the controversy between Empiricists and their opponents was made in the critical philosophy of Immanuel Kant (1724–1804), drawing upon Leibniz and Hume. With the dictum that, although all knowledge begins with experience it does not all arise from experience, he established a clear distinction between the innate and the a priori. He held that there are a priori concepts, or categories—substance and cause being the most important—and also substantial or synthetic a priori truths. Although not derived from experience, the latter apply to experience. A priori concepts and propositions do not relate to a reality that transcends experience; they reflect, instead, the minds way of organizing the amorphous mass of sense impressions that flow in upon it. Lockean Empiricism prevailed in 19th-century England until the turn to Hegel occurred in the last quarter of the century. To be sure, the Scottish philosophers who followed Hume but avoided his Skeptical conclusions insisted that man does have substantial a priori knowledge. But the philosophy of John Stuart Mill (1806–73), logician, economist, and Utilitarian moralist, is thoroughly Empiricist. He held that all knowledge worth having, including mathematics, is empirical. The apparent necessity of mathematics, according to Mill, is the result of the unique massiveness of its empirical confirmation. All real knowledge for Mill is inductive and empirical; and deduction is sterile. On similar lines, the philosopher of evolution Herbert Spencer (1820–1903) offered another explanation of the apparent necessity of some of mans beliefs: they are the well-attested empirical beliefs of his ancestors from whom he has inherited them, an evolutionary revival of the doctrine of innateness. Two important mathematicians and pioneers in the philosophy of modern physics, W. K. Clifford (1845–79) and Karl Pearson (1857–1936), defended radically Empiricist philosophies of science, anticipating the Logical Empiricism of the 20th century. In contemporary philosophy The most influential Empiricist of the 20th century was the great British philosopher and logician Bertrand Russell (1872–1970), who at first was Lockean in his theory of knowledge—admitting both synthetic a priori knowledge and concepts of unobservable entities. Ludwig Wittgenstein (1889–1951), the influential pioneer of the school of Linguistic Analysis, convinced Russell that the truths of logic and mathematics are analytic; and Russell then came to believe, with Hume, that the task of philosophy is to analyze all concepts in terms of what can be directly present to the senses. In this spirit, he tried to show that even the concepts of formal logic are ultimately empirical though the experience that supplies them may be introspective instead of sensory. Doctrines developed through the collaboration of Russell and Wittgenstein yielded the Logical Positivism of the German philosopher Rudolf Carnap (1891–1970) and of the Vienna Circle, a discussion group in which that philosophy was worked out. The Empiricism of Logical Positivism is especially evident in its restatement of the fundamental thesis of Humes philosophy in a form known as â€Å"the verification principle,† which recognizes as meaningful and synthetic only those sentences that are in principle verifiable by reference to sense experience. BRIEF BIOGRAPHY OF PAUL TILLICK Paul Johannes Tillich was born at Starzeddel in the province of Brandenburg, Germany, on Aug. 20, 1886. He spent his early years at Schonfliess, where his father was a Lutheran clergyman. He studied at the University of Berlin, received his doctorate from the University of Breslau in 1911, and earned his degree in theology at the University of Halle in 1912, the year he became a clergyman in the Lutheran church. During World War I Tillich served as a military chaplain. From 1919 until 1933 he taught at the universities of Berlin, Marburg, Dresden, Leipzig, and Frankfurt. His opposition to the Nazis cost him his job in 1933, and he went to the United States to become professor of philosophical theology at Union Theological Seminary in New York City. He remained there until 1955, when he became a professor at Harvard University. From 1962 until his death on Oct. 22, 1965, he taught at the University of Chicagos divinity school. The brilliance and complexity of Tillichs thought were expressed in his lectures, sermons, and books. The most difficult of his works is ‘Systematic Theology, on which he began working in 1925. It was published in three volumes from 1951 to 1963. His books of sermons, beginning with ‘The Shaking of the Foundations (1948), present his thoughts more clearly for a wider audience. Other works include ‘The Protestant Era (1948), ‘The Courage to Be (1952), ‘Dynamics of Faith (1957), and ‘The Eternal Now (1963). Like Spinoza, he was a â€Å"God-intoxicated man† who wanted to help his fellow human beings recapture a relevant and dynamic religious faith. EMPIRICAL ARGUMENT 1. The Existentialism of God Empiricists believe that experience is of primary importance in giving us knowledge of the world. Whatever we learn, according to them, we learn through perception. Knowledge without experience, with the possible exception of trivial semantic and logical truths, is impossible. A more moderate form of Empiricism is that of the substantive Empiricists, who are unconvinced by attempts that have been made to interpret formal concepts empirically and who therefore concede that formal concepts are a priori but deny that categorial concepts, such as â€Å"substance,† â€Å"cause,† and â€Å"God,† are a priori. In this view, formal concepts would be no longer semantical, pertaining to the relation of words to things; they would be, instead, merely descriptive or purely syntactical, pertaining to the relations between ideas. On this basis â€Å"God,† would not be an entity alongside other entities but a device for arranging a mans factual beliefs about the world; the concept â€Å"God† would thus play a structural and not an informative role. The Response of Tillich: Tillich was a central figure in the intellectual life of his time both in Germany and the United States. It is generally held that the 20th century has been marked by a widespread breakdown of traditional Christian convictions about God, morality, and the meaning of human existence in general. In assessing Tillich’s role in relation to this development, some critics have regarded him as the last major spokesman for a vanishing Christian culture, a systematic thinker who sought to demonstrate the reasonableness of the Christian faith to modern skeptics. Others have viewed him as a forerunner of the contemporary cultural revolution, whose discussions of the meaning of God and faith served themselves to undermine traditional beliefs. Tillich himself believed he was a â€Å"boundary man,† standing between the old and the new, between a heritage imbued with a sense of the sacred and the secular orientation of the new age. He asserted that his vocation was to mediate between the concerns voiced by faith and the imperatives of a questioning reason, thus helping to heal the ruptures threatening to destroy Western civilization. He believed that from the beginning life had prepared him for such a role, and his long career as a theologian, educator, and writer was devoted to this task with single-minded energy. Theological systems, developed by Paul Tillich, were based on the concept of symbol. In it Tillich, a Rationalist asserts that â€Å"there are concepts not derived from or correlated with experienceable features of the world, such as â€Å"cause,† â€Å"identity,† or â€Å"perfect circle,† and that these concepts are a priori (Latin: â€Å"from the former†) in the traditional sense of being part of the minds innate or natural equipment—as opposed to being a posteriori (Latin: â€Å"from the latter†), or grounded in the experience of facts. On the other hand, a Rationalist theory of knowledge holds that there are beliefs that are a priori (i. e. , that depend for their justification upon thought alone), such as the belief that everything must have a sufficient reason or that a process cannot exist by itself but must occur within some substance. Such beliefs can arise either from intellectual intuition, the direct apprehension of self-evident truth, or from purely deductive reasoning. His Protestant Principle: Apparently developed from the insight he had gained at Halle as a norm in analyses of religion and culture, the meaning of history, and contemporary social problems. Tillich’s love of freedom, however, did not make him forget his boyhood commitment to a rich and satisfying religious tradition; and how to enjoy the freedom to explore life without sacrificing the essentials of a meaningful tradition became his early and lifelong preoccupation. It appears as a major theme in his theological work: the relation of heteronomy to autonomy and their possible synthesis in theonomy. Heteronomy (alien rule) is the cultural and spiritual condition when traditional norms and values become rigid, external demands threatening to destroy individual freedom. Autonomy (self-rule) is the inevitable and justified revolt against such oppression, which nevertheless entails the temptation to reject all norms and values. Theonomy (divine rule) envisions a situation in which norms and values express the convictions and commitments of free individuals in a free society. These three conditions Tillich saw as the basic dynamisms of both personal and social life. In his search for solution concerning the meaning of human existence, Tillich, using his most widely read books, The Courage to Be and Dynamics of Faith, argued that the deepest concern of humans drives them into confrontation with a reality that transcends their own finite existence. Tillich’s discussion of the human situation in these books shows a profound grasp of the problems brought to light by modern psychoanalysis and existentialist philosophy. The publication of his Systematic Theology made available the results of a lifetime of thought. The most novel feature of this work is its â€Å"method of correlation,† which makes theology a dialogue relating questions asked by man’s probing reason to answers given in revelatory experience and received in faith—theonomy’s answers to autonomy’s questions. The dialogue of Systematic Theology is in five parts, each an intrinsic element in the system as a whole: questions about the powers and limits of man’s reason prepare him for answers given in revelation; questions about the nature of being lead to answers revealing God as the ground of being; questions about the meaning of existence are answered by the New Being made manifest in Jesus Christ; questions about the ambiguities of human experience point to answers revealing the presence of the Holy Spirit in the life process; and questions about human destiny and the meaning of history find their answers in the vision of the Kingdom of God. The Being of God According to Leonard F. Wheat, the statements of Paul Tillich such as: God does not exist. He is being-itself beyond essence and existence. Therefore to argue that God exists is to deny him, God is the symbol for God and The God of theism is dead seem to represent him as an â€Å"atheistic theologian† as some critics put it, but a closer look at Tillichs position makes him appear less controversial. He argued that Tillich’s oft-repeated assertion that God is not a being, but being-itself. is the only possible definition of God because all other options turn God into a Supreme Being that is something less than God. If God is not being-itself, he is, in fact, in as much bondage as the old Greek gods were in bondage to fate a King indeed but only a puppet-king. Thus, his motivation for defining God as being-itself is to protect the transcendence of God from idolatrous misconceptions, not to cover his atheism with silly word tricks. Much the same goes for his talk of symbols. Tillichs remark that God is the symbol for God lead many to conclude that he regarded God as merely symbolic (i.e. , not real), says Wheat. However, Tillich was simply conveying the fact that human language can never fully grasp the ineffable glory of God, since our superlatives become diminutives when applied to God. However, Tillich argued that language is capable of pointing to the reality God in a symbolic fashion, although it is never identical with that reality. Thus, symbols are truly glorious things, because they allow us to describe the indescribable, opening up levels of reality that are closed to literal language. With this in mind, his talk of the God above the God of theism makes more sense. The God of theism is the symbolically-conceived God that is forever transcended by the True God. Far from being a nonsensical phrase designed to trick people into believing, this is Tillichs way of affirming both the validity of theological speech and the complete otherness of God. Thus, while the form of Tillichs doctrine of God is certainly unconventional, I think its substance lies comfortably within the Christian tradition. REFERENCES Andrew M. Colman: Oxford Dictionary of Psychology, Oxford University Press, New York, 2003. Bacon, Francis, Viscount Saint Baron of Verulam: The Nature of Things. Anthony M. Quinton, University of Oxford, 1950 David Hume, A Treatise of Human Nature, (1739) in Encyclop? dia Britannica. Encoyclopaedia Britannica Student and Home Edition. Chicago: Encyclop? dia Britannica, 2010. Immanuel Kant: Critique of Pure Reason, in Encyclop? dia Britannica. Encyclopaedia Britannica Student and Home Edition. Chicago: Encyclop? dia Britannica, 2010. John Locke: An Essay Concerning Human Understanding, vol. 2 Oxford University, England 1690 John Scott Gordon Marsall: Oxford Dictionary of Sociology, Oxford University Press, New York, 2005. John Stuart Mill, A System of Logic, Ratiocinative and Inductive, (1843) in Encyclop? dia Britannica. Encyclopaedia Britannica Student and Home Edition. Chicago: Encyclop? dia Britannica, 2010. Radical Empiricism: Encyclop? dia Britannica. Encyclopaedia Britannica Student and Home Edition. Chicago: Encyclop? dia Britannica, 2010. W. H. Walsh, Reason and Experience (1947); and H. H. Price, Thinking and Experience, 2nd ed. (1969) in Encyclop? dia Britannica. Encyclopaedia Britannica Student and Home Edition. Chicago: Encyclop? dia Britannica, 2010. Internet Sources Empiricism: retrieved from http://www. theoryofknowledge. info/sources-of-knowledge/ empiricism/ http://www2. warwick. ac. uk/fac/soc/philosophy/people/faculty/longworth/keyideasrationalismempiricism. pdf Catholic Encyclopedia: Empiricism. Retrieved from http://www. newadvent. org/advert/99001 f. htm Leonard F. Whea: (March 09, 2006) Was Paul Tillich an Atheist? retrieved from http://woauthority. blogspot. com/2006/03/was-paul-tillich-atheist. html on 24/10/2012.

ISP Network Potential Threats

ISP Network Potential Threats Threat Identification A danger is an event which could take benefit of the vulnerability and make a terrible effect at the ISP network. potential threats to the ISP network need to be diagnosed, and the associated vulnerabilities need to be addressed to reduce the danger of the threat. Trends Driving Network Security As in any rapid-growing enterprise, modifications are to be predicted. The varieties of capability threats to network protection are usually evolving. If the security of the network is compromised, there may be extreme effects, like lack of privateness, stealing of information, and even legal potential.      Ã‚   Figure () illustrates several threats and their potential consequences. Figure () Introduction to Vulnerabilities, Threats, and Attacks: Although studying network security, the three usual terms used are as follows: Vulnerability-A weak point that is essential in every network and device. This contains routers, switches, desktops, servers, and similar security gadgets themselves. Threats-The people keen, prepared, and eligible to take advantage of each security flaw, and they frequently examine for new exploits and weaknesses. Attacks-The threats use a selection of kits, scripts, and software to release attacks towards networks and network devices. Normally, the network devices beneath attack are the endpoints, such as servers and PC. The sections that comply with talk vulnerabilities, threats, and attacks in more detail. First aspect: lets talk about vulnerabilities in ISP Vulnerabilities within ISP network security can be summed up as the soft spots which can be found in each network. The vulnerabilities are be found in the network and separate devices that build up the network. Networks are classically troubled by unique or all of three main vulnerabilities or weaknesses: Technology weaknesses Configuration weaknesses Security policy weaknesses The sections that follow inspect separately of those weaknesses in further detail. Technological Weaknesses: Computer and network technologies have intrinsic security weaknesses. These include TCP/IP protocol weaknesses, operating system weaknesses, and network equipment weaknesses. Table () describes these three weaknesses. Table ( ) Network Security Weaknesses Weakness Description TCP/IP protocol weaknesses FTP, HTTP, and ICMP are naturally insecure. (SNMP), (SMTP), and SYN floods are linked to the naturally insecure building upon which TCP was created. Network equipment weaknesses Many types of network tools, such as switches, routers, IDS, and firewalls have security flaws that should be known and shielded against. Example of These flaws are as follows Protocols Firewall Holes Password Protection Absence of authentication Routing Configuration Weaknesses Network administrators or network engineers must  ­Ã‚ ­Ã‚ ­Ã‚ ­Ã‚ ­Ã‚ ­Ã‚ ­Ã‚ ­discover what the configuration flaws are and perfectly setup their computing and network devices to balance. Table () includes usual setup weaknesses. Table ( ) Configuration Weaknesses Security Policy Weaknesses Security policy flaws can generate unexpected security risks. The network can pose security threats to the LAN if workers do not follow the security policy. Table () lists selected usual security policy weaknesses and how those flaws are misused. Table () security policy weaknesses Threats There are four main classes of risks to network security, as Figure (-) depicts. The list that follows defines all class of risk in additional detail. Figure () Variety of Threats Unstructured threats these types of threat happen when users with little experience try to be hackers by using some ready hacking software like shell scripts and knowing password. Even these types of threats which only comes hackers can form a significant harm to companies. Structured threats the source of these threats are hackers who have more technical knowledge and with stronger drive. Such hackers are equipped with knowledge about the weaknesses in the system and are willing to misuse codes and programs. They study, make and use advanced hacking methods to enter business systems without their awareness of the hacking. External threats these threats come from persons or groups outside the business without having an official and legal access to businesss system. Internal threats these threats come from people with official access to the system by having an online account or physical access to the system. Attacks: There are four main types of attacks: Reconnaissance Access Denial of service Worms, viruses, and Trojan horses each of the above-mentioned attacks will be explained in the next paragraphs. Reconnaissance It is the unapproved revelation or the systems vulnerabilities, planning, or services (see Fig à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦) There are some elements of similarities between reconnaissance and a robber who watches areas to notice any easy target to enter like empty houses, unlocked doors and windows. Figure () Reconnaissance Access This attack can take place when an unapproved interloper gets an access to the system without an account or a password. Denial of Service (DoS) This attack is the most worrying type of attacks. It means that hackers make the intended users no longer able to access services, systems or networks. Dos attacks make the systems useless by damaging it or making it too slow. Mostly attacks happen by a hack or a script. Worms, viruses, and Trojan horses This type of attack is widespread online through an internet. Attack Examples The next section is dedicated to representing examples of attacks to elaborate and explain it more. Access Attacks Access attacks take advantage of recognized vulnerabilities in authentication services, FTP services, and internet services to benefit access to internet accounts, private databases, and different private info get entry to attacks can include the following: Password attacks Port redirection man-in-the-middle attacks Social engineering Password attacks Password attacks may be applied using multiple techniques, such as brute-force attacks, malicious program applications, IP spoofing, and packet sniffers. (see figure - for an example of a try to attack the use of the administrators profile) brute-force attacks. Figure () Password Attack Example  ¨ Port Redirection This type of attack (please see Fig) happens when there a trust is taken advantage of through cooperated host to penetrate a firewall which originally is hard to penetrate. For example, when a firewall has a host for each of its three interfaces. External host can contact the public services segment host but not the internal host. The public service segment is also known as a demilitarized zone (DMZ). Figure () Protocol Analyser Port redirection may be mitigated typically via using right trust models, that are network (as referred to in advance). Assuming a system underneath attack, a host-based IDS can assist discover a hacker and save you set up of such utilities on a host. Man-in-the-middle attacks a person-in-the-middle attack calls for that the hacker has get admission to to net packets that come upon a net. A sample might be operating for (ISP) and has access to all net packets transferred among the ISP net and some other net. man-in-the-centre attack mitigation is performed by encrypting traffic in an IPsec tunnel, which might permit the hacker to look only ciphertext. Social Engineering simplest hack (social engineering) If an outsider can trick a member of an corporation into giving over valued data, which includes places of documents, and servers, and passwords, the technique of hacking is made immeasurably simpler. 90 percent of workplace workers gave away their password in trade for a cheap pen. Denial-of-Service (DoS) Attacks This is definitely the most common method of attack. DoS are also one of the hardest attacks to remove entirely. Even amongst hackers, DoS hackers are seen unimportant due to the fact that this method is easy to perform. In spite of that, this form of threat requires high security attention because it can cause a possible huge harm using easy steps (also clarified in Figà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦..). Figure (). Denial of Service The next example of a some common type of DoS threats: Ping of death-This attack changes the IP part of the header to deceive others into thinking that there is extra data in the packet than the reality, as a result the system which plays the recipient part will fall apart, as explained in Figure (à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦..). Figure (). Ping of Death Distributed Denial-of-Service Attacks Distributed denial-of-service attacks (DDoS) these attacks take place by filling the network links with false data. This data can crush the internet link, which means that consequently the genuine traffic will be denied. DDoS attacks use similar techniques to those used by DoS attacks but the former is performed on a wider scale. They usually use thousands of attack centers to overpower a target (see an example in figure à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦..) Figure () DDos Attack Malicious Code The main vulnerabilities for end-consumer workstations are next: Trojan horse-A software created to seem like something else that in reality is an attack app Worm-A software that performs random program code and installs duplicates of itself within the RAM of the infected PC, which then infects different hosts Virus-Malicious program is connected to some other software to perform a specific undesirable function on the user computing device Worms The types of a worm attack is : The enabling vulnerability-A computer virus installs itself the usage of an take advantage of the vector on a susceptible system. Propagation mechanism-After having access to PC, a worm repeats and selects new devices. Payload-After the PC or device is hit with a worm, the attacker has to get entry to the host- frequently as a privileged user. Attackers may want to use a local exploit to increase their privilege degree to the admin. Vulnerability Analysis It is vital to analyse and study the present state of network and the administrative practice to know their present amenability with the security needs. This step is needed before working on the addition of new security solutions to an established network. This study will create a chance to find potential enhancements and the possible requirement to reshape part of the system or reconstruct it entirely to meet the requirement. The study/analysis can take place through these steps identifying the policy, analysing the network and analysing the host. The previous sections attempted to present different types of attacks and suggested some solutions. However, the next table summarises different attacks and presents more solutions to these attacks Threats Good practices Assets, assets covered Gaps (assets not covered) Routing threats AS hijacking Internet protocol addressing, Routing protocols, Administrators Administrators Make use of useful resource certification (RPKI) to offer AS authentic validation. The reader needs to be conscious that on the time of writing, its far impossible to discover AS hijacking mechanically. Internet protocol addressing, Routing protocols Administrators Address space hijacking (IP prefixes) Routing, Internet protocol addressing, System configurations, Network topology Make use of resource certification (RPKI) to offer AS authentic authentication. Routing, Internet protocol addressing, System configurations, Network topology set up the best Use policy (AUP), which promotes guidelines to safe peering. Routing, Internet protocol addressing, System configurations, Network topology set up access filtering from the edge router site to the net. Routing, Internet protocol addressing System configurations, Network topology set up Unicast opposite direction path Forwarding to conform the legitimacy of the main sources IP address. Routing, System configurations, Network topology Internet protocol addressing set up egress filtering on the boundary router to proactively clear out all traffic going to the client that has a source address of any of the addresses which have been assigned to that client. Routing, Internet protocol addressing System configurations, Network topology filter out the routing announcements and apply methods that decrease the danger of placing an extreme load on routing created via illegitimate path updates/announcements. for example, Route Flap Damping (RFD) with a properly-described threshold might also make a contribution to lowering router processing time Routing, Network topology Internet protocol addressing, System configurations filter out the routing announcements and apply methods that decrease the danger of placing an extreme load on routing created via illegitimate path updates/announcements. for example, Route Flap Damping (RFD) with a properly-described threshold might also contribute to lowering router processing time Routing, Internet protocol addressing, System configurations Network topology Setup updates for the routing organization infrastructure may simply be accomplished via a described authority the usage of solid authentication. Routing, System configurations, Network topology Internet protocol addressing Manage the status of BGP to discover uncommon activities like path modifications or uncommon announcement. Routing, Internet protocol addressing, System configurations, Network topology Route leaks Routing, Network topology Configure BGP Max-prefix to make sure the legitimacy of routes broadcast. If extra prefixes are received, its miles a signal of a wrong behaviour and the BGP session stopped. Routing, Network topology Utilize useful resource certification (RPKI) to offer AS source authentication. Routing, Network topology BGP session hijacking Routing, Internet protocol addressing, System configurations, Network topology set up prefix filtering and computerisation of prefix filters. Routing, Internet protocol addressing, System configurations, Network topology Use AS route filtering. Routing, Internet protocol addressing, System configurations, Network topology Employ (TCP-Authentication option) to safe secure BGP Validation so that you can update TCP- MD5.TCP-Authentication option to make it simple to a trade of keys. Routing, Internet protocol addressing, System configurations, Network topology DNS registrar hijacking Domain name system, Addressing units, Applications, Credentials, Administrators Registrants need to defend account credentials and outline authorized customers, at the same time as registrars need to offer a secure and safe authentication technique. Addressing units, Credentials, Administrators Domain name system, Applications Registrants need to defend account credentials and outline authorized customers, at the same time as registrars need to offer a secure and safe authentication technique. Addressing units, Applications Domain name system, Credentials, Administrators Registrants need to keep documentation to show registration. Addressing units, Applications Domain name system, Credentials, Administrators Registrants should usage isolated identities for the registrant, admin, technical, invoicing contacts. therefore, registrars should permit an extra complicated user rights control. Credentials, Administrators Domain name system, Addressing units, Applications Registrars have to set up an effective sector information control. Domain name system, Addressing units, Applications Credentials, Administrators Registrars must keep in mind assisting DNSSEC. Domain name system, Addressing units, Applications Credentials, Administrators Registrars can also manage DNS exchange events. Addressing units, Applications, Administrators Domain name system, Credentials DNS spoofing Domain name system, Addressing units, Applications, System configurations, Essential addressing protocols DNS, Administrators Administrators Deploying DNSSEC ambitions to extra secure DNS customers (resolvers) source authentication of DNS information, authentic denial of existence, and info or data integrity. Domain name system, addressing units, Applications, System Configurations, Essential addressing protocols DNS Administrators DNS poisoning Domain name system, Addressing units, Applications, System configurations, Executable programs, Essential addressing protocols DNS, Administrators, Operators Administrators, Operators Deploying DNSSEC ambitions to extra secure DNS customers (resolvers) source authentication of DNS information, authentic denial of existence, and info or data integrity. Domain name system, Addressing units, Applications, System configurations, Executable programs, Essential addressing protocols DNS Administrators, Operators Restrict zone transmissions to decrease load on network system Applications, Executable programs Domain name system, Addressing units, System configurations, Essential addressing protocols DNS, Administrators, Operators Limited active updates to only official sources to keep away abuse. Such abuse include the misuse of a DNS server as an amplifier, DNS cache poisoning Addressing units, applications, System configurations, Executable programs Domain name system, Essential addressing protocols DNS, Administrators, Operators configure the trusty name server as non-recursive. Discrete recursive name servers from the trusty name server. Domain name system, Addressing units, Applications, Executable programs System configurations, Essential addressing protocols DNS, Administrators, Operators Permit DNS transference over TCP to provision non-standard demands. Furthermore, TCP could be essential for DNSSEC. Addressing units, Applications, System configurations, Executable programs Domain name system, Essential addressing protocols DNS, Administrators, Operators Domain name collision Domain name system, Applications Dont use any domain names which you dont own for your inner infrastructure. For instance, do not take into account non-public domain name area as top-level domains. Domain name system, Applications Stopping DNS demand for inside namespaces to leakage into the net via making use of firewall policies. Applications Domain name system Usage booked TLDs such as. invalid, test, localhost, or. example. Domain name system, Applications Denial of Service Amplification / reflection Applications, security, Generic Internet provider, Hardware, Executable programs, System configuration, Application protocols, Administrators, Operators System configuration, Essential addressing protocols, Administrators, Operators Undertake source IP address deal with authentication at the edge of net organisation to avoid network address spoofing via egress ingress filtering. Applications, Security, Generic Internet provider, Hardware, Executable programs, Application protocols System configuration, Administrators, Operators Workers of official name server operative must apply (Response Rate Limiting). Applications, Security, Generic Internet provider, Hardware, Executable programs System configuration, Application protocols, Administrators, Operators ISPs and DNS name server operatives must to deactivate exposed recursion on name servers and may just allow DNS requests from reliable sources. Applications, Security, Generic Internet provider, Hardware, Executable programs System configuration, Application protocols, Administrators, Operators Flooding Applications, Security, Generic Internet providers, Hardware, Executable programs, System configuration, Essential addressing protocols, Administrators, Operators System configuration, Essential addressing protocols, Administrators, Operators Industrialists and configurators of net tools must take footsteps to protected and secure all equipment . One option is to have them update by patching mistakes. Applications, Security, Generic Internet providers, Hardware, Executable programs System configuration, Essential addressing protocols, Administrators, Operators Protocol exploitation Applications, Security, Generic Internet providers, Hardware, Executable programs, System configuration, Essential addressing protocols, Administrators, Operators Malformed packet attack Applications, Security, Generic Internet providers, Hardware, Executable programs, System configuration, Essential addressing protocols, Administrators, Operators Application Applications, Security, Generic Internet provider, Hardware, Executable programs, System configuration, Application protocols, Administrators, Operators

Psychological and Sociological Aspects :: essays papers

Psychological and Sociological Aspects In the beginning of my freshman semester in college I decided to major in secondary education with a minor in psychology. I made the decision just recently to change my major to sociology for many reasons that relate to research during this course. I am currently enrolled in an educational psychology course as well as an introduction to sociology class. As the semester has progressed, I have gotten deeper into my research for this project. One of the main things that I have taken note of is that much of what I am learning in this course through research is being enhanced by studies we discuss in sociology. The topic â€Å"Students at Risk† is a very broad topic. In psychology class we study the behavioral and mental aspects of dealing with students who have difficulty performing in a structured classroom setting. However, in my sociology class, we touch more upon the environmental and societal effects that are common influences amongst students at risk. I have found th at sociological theories are the basis for labeling those students who have been set up for failure. The study of sociology as it relates to this topic is that environmental and societal negativities can be credited for student failure. With psychology, you are attempting to find reasons within one-self that have caused a delay in ones academic success. It becomes a main issue when dealing with these types of situations to find someone or something to blame for the student’s level of progression. Through research I have found that instead of directing our attention to the cause of the problem, we must exert more energy to finding a solution. â€Å"Learning Disabled?† or â€Å"Slow Learner?† When first approaching this subject I began to explore different behavioral disorders and learning disabilities that would cause a student to be considered â€Å"at risk†. However, before beginning to explore these sub topics in detail I thought it would be helpful to find some information on determining the difference between someone who is just a slow learner, verses someone who has trouble learning because of disability. I came across an article by author Margaret Shepherd that is titled â€Å"Learning Disabled or Slow Learner†? This article details the differences between the learning disabled child and the slow learner, and it is also a plea for caution in the use of the diagnostic term learning disabilities.

American Male Pigs :: essays research papers

American Male Pigs Today in this great country of ours, there is an animal that stalks the face of our land. An animal that'll stop at very little to obtain it's nightly goal. Some women have unjustly classified this animal a Land Shark, along with an assortment of other colorful names. Little do the women of this country realize that these animals have banned together to form a national coalition. I, along with most males above the age of consent, am a proud and very active member. Our covert organization is called American Male Pigs. Our slogan to all other males and future males, is: "Get AMPed" Our purpose is to educate the present, and future male populations, so that they might be better able to distinguish between the different types of females and notify all other members of their findings. Everyone is unique. However, most women can be herded into three basic groups. Those groups are: Those who do, Those who don't, and those who do, that you won't do. The last group and by far the least important, are those who would do Anything with Anyone that you won't do. These women aren't usually very attractive. They are more often than not, quite heavy. They are NOT desirable. These are the women, who after you've been drinking heavily all night, at 2:00 A.M. still don't look good. You can see them lined up at the exit to every bar, looking quite sad, lonely and pathetic at closing time, hoping and praying to get lucky. Unfortunately this hefty flock is usually good in bed. Logic of course would dictate that they would have to be, or else they know they would NEVER get anything otherwise. The other type of third class women that aren't usually identified until it's too late, are the "FATAL ATTRACTION" type. They'll do anything you ask, whenever you ask, but in return you unknowingly give up your soul. These are without a doubt the most hazardous of women, and must be immediately identified. The second section is a strange breed indeed. Those who won't. Won't what, they won't do anything with anyone. We have all met these. Usually stuck up, with an air of conceit, grandiosity and Supreme BITCH all rolled up into one HOT, tight-assed little package. These are not hard to find. Most seem to ooze out of the woodwork. The only purpose we can find for these prudes is to PISS males off. A lot of these women will talk to you, some might actually date you. Beware of these dates! You buy your date dinner, maybe a show, then when it comes to a kiss

Gene in A Seperate Peace :: John Knowles

At a young age everyone creates an enemy. Peace comes when this enemy leaves or has been destroyed. Everyone must fight, negotiate, and/or struggle with their enemy to be left with nothing but peace. Gene Forrester was the main character in the book A Separate Peace by John Knowles, which took place in the time of World War II. He made his enemy leave, through the death of his best friend Finny. As a result of fighting the wrong battle, Gene apologized to his friend Finny and found peace. After the highly athletic person Finny â€Å"Falls† from the tree, Gene begins to wonder who his friends are, and why his friends are his friends. At this time Gene starts to create a part of his enemy, â€Å"Jealousy†. Gene didn’t know if it was an accident when Finny fell from the tree, or if it was the jealousy that hurt his pal. Gene reflects â€Å"Could it be that, he might even be right? Had I really and defiantly and knowingly done it to him after all?† (70, Knowles). Gene is unsure and begins to question himself and weather his best friend is truly, his best friend. Gene is jealous of Finnys natural athleticism, Gene isn’t very athletic but does well in school, Finny is the opposite. Gene wonders to himself if he had been so jealous to just hurt, or possibly even kill his roommate and best friend. This was an internal battle, between his jealous side VS. his moral side. The jealous side wanted Finny out of the way, so he could becom e good at everything, and the moral side wanted to stay morally straight. Unfortunately his jealous side won this battle. When the enemy leaves, that person may not realize that his/her enemy has left for a duration of time, that person could be preoccupied with something else, or creating another enemy. This duration of time could be 15 years or two months, it could be any time at all. When Gene is on the battlefield getting ready to try to kill his enemy (literally) he realizes that his enemy has been gone since the death of his best friend Finny. Finny died from a nasty fall down the stairs and broke his leg again, the marrow from his bone flowed into his heart and killed him.

Only ten sort story annotation Essay

The author of the short story Only Ten hooks the reader in on the first couple sentences because of the mystery of The Shah and the way he describes him. He starts off the story with showing how difficult it can be for refugees to adapt and fit in in another country. As it shows in the orientation it is not uncommon for these people to have a hard time fitting in and opening up in the new place. This can happen to any person not just a refugee but it can be especially hard for them because of them being different. The author shows this by describing The Shah in a certain way that we use what we know of immigrants and apply it to him. Because of refugees being different they could be picked on and even attacked. The author uses similes such as â€Å"Bruce leaped at The Shah with a wild yell, swinging his ruler above his head as if it was a sword† to show violence. Later on it shows that not all countries are as fortunate as us in the way that The Shah was overjoyed that something was actually growing which is an example of the author using vocabulary. The author uses a technique called a metaphor to keep the readers interested. An example of this is when The Shah was playing footy he suddenly curled up like a ball to protect himself thinking that the ball was something other than a ball. Most probably being a bomb. Showing that he has been around bombs before when they go off or seen the devastation of the aftermath of the bomb. The author of the short story Only Ten is very creative in ways of saying what he wants to say. He leaves vague hints and little bit of evidence that throughout the story the reader has to piece together. Then the author offers a big bit of info at the end to provide a means to fully understand to hints and evidence scattered throughout the text. The title is a good choice as it refers to The Shah’s life as he had to become a child soldier and fight, get hurt and even kill people. The title refers to the fact that he is only ten. The setting is well chosen as it does actually happen a lot in real life and it is set up so throughout the story it is easy to give bits of evidence away. The main complication in the story is that The Shah is hesitant to reveal any information the author uses many techniques to show this one way is a series of short sentences to build suspense, foreshadowing and a few other techniques. In my life I have met many people that come from other countries to live in Australia although none of them are refugees they still face some of the same problems that refugees face such as bullying and not being able to fit in well. Most of these problems were overcome by the victims just being so friendly that people found it hard to pick on them and still keep their reputation. The story is well written and very creative it hooks the reader in the first few sentences through the use of mystery. The story then goes on to build on that mystery and add suspense and tension throughout the story. The author writes in a way that a reader can connect to the text on some level and even understand what the fictional characters are going through. Throughout the story he drops bits of evidence to keep the reader interested then right at the end drops the information that the readers have been trying to figure out leading to a very satisfying read.

I Have a Dream Speech Essay

King’s speech not only changed history for the black community, but it also gave hope to blacks throughout the world. His speech was so successful because he was able to arouse his audience to their feet and get them to take action in society. The reason for the great impact of the speech, â€Å"I Have a Dream,† is due to the tense social mood of the time and that it reflects the conditions of the time, giving black activists a vision for the future. It struck directly into the hearts of blacks across America, and made whites ashamed of their actions and be willing to have a new start. In just 17 minutes, King influenced and informed the people about racial equality and fairness. Later, near the end of his speech, King continues to â€Å"preach† this point. For example, he stated, â€Å"†¦little black boys and black girls will be able to join hands with little white boys and white girls as sisters and brothers. King talks about the future and how one day, freedom will â€Å"ring† from all across the United States and how people of all races will be able to â€Å"join hands† and be â€Å"brothers and sisters. † He strongly desires a united world where racism will not exist. He says, â€Å"With this faith we will be able to work together, to pray together, to struggle together, to go to jail together, to stand up for freedom together, knowing that we will be free one day. † Overall, King int elligently used a well-planned structure to manipulate his audience into agreeing with him.

Harlem Renaissance with Langston Hughes Essay

The Harlem Renaissance brought about uniqueness amongst African Americans; everything was new. The visual art, the jazz music, fashion and literature took a cultural spin. During this time writer Langston Hughes seemed to outshine the rest with amazing works. The Harlem Renaissance brought about many great changes. It was a time for expressing the African American culture. It is variously known as the Harlem Renaissance, the Black Literary Renaissance, or the New Negro Movement. Many famous people began their writing or gained their recognition during this time. The Harlem Renaissance took place during the 1920’s and 1930’s. â€Å"This movement known collectively as the Harlem Renaissance developed at the end of World War I in 1918, blossomed in the mid- to late 1920s, and faded in the mid 1930s. This movement developed along with social and intellectual disturbance in the African American community in the early 20th century.†[1] The Harlem Renaissance also led to a declined era called the Great Depression. They also migrated to avoid terrorism, unending debts, and the poor living conditions of southern sharecropping. During that time, hundreds and thousands of educated and intellectual African Americans moved from financial depressed, low budget rural south to industrial cities like Chicago, Philadelphia, Cleveland, and especially New York City, to take advantage of the job opportunities created by World War I. As more and more blacks settled in the neighborhood of Harlem, New York, it became a political and cultural place for black America; Harlem became a black neighborhood. â€Å"As a result of this great collective body of African Americans coming together, the variety of talents among them, the creativity they offered each other, and the dynamics of their new found existence, created a rebirth for African Americans, now known as The Harlem Renaissance.†[2] Many things came about during the Harlem Renaissance; things such as jazz and blues, poetry, dance, and musical theater. The African American way of life became the popular thing. Many white people came to discover this newest art, dancing, music, and literature. The Great Migration of African American people from the rural South to the North, and many into Harlem were the cause of this occurrence. The Great Migration was the movement of two million blacks out of the Southern United States to the Midwest, Northeast and West from 1910 to 1930. African Americans migrated to escape racism and prejudice in the South, as well as to seek jobs in industrial cities. Pan-africanism is a movement to unify African Americans into one community. America during this time begins to see this happening in Harlem. Harlem was originally a Dutch settlement. Harlem became one of the largest African American communities in the United States, and during the Harlem Renaissance became a center for art and literature. Many great writers came about during this time, one of which was Langston Hughes. Hughes was born in 1902 with the name James Langston Hughes, and died in 1967. He lived most of his adult life in Harlem. He grew up without a stable family environment. His father moved to Mexico, and he never really saw much of him. Hughes was often referred to as â€Å"Harlem’s poet.†[3] Hughes had and still has a great influence on poetry. Hughes poetry was a reflection of the African-American culture and Harlem. He wrote many poems, and continued to write even after the Harlem Renaissance. He loved Harlem that was his home. He watched it decline with the onset of the Great Depression. He saw Harlem turn into a place to be feared by many. It was a sad and dangerous place to be, after the depression. Hughes described the impact of the Great Depression among African Americans, â€Å"The depression brought everyone down a peg or two. And the Negro had but a few pegs to fall.†[4] The Harlem Renaissance was important because it was the first time that the mainstream publishers and critics took African American literature seriously. Although it was primarily a literarily movement, it was closely related to music, theater, art, and politics. The Harlem Renaissance brought about many great changes. Many famous people began their writing or gained their recognition during this period. Langston Hughes valued the teaching of children. Many of his poems are children’s poems. He often traveled to schools and read his poetry. His first published works were in a children’s magazine during the 1920’s. He published a book of ABC’s called The Sweet and Sour Animal Book. He wanted to inspire the youth, and make them feel good about themselves. He did not only write poetry, but that is what he is famous for. Much of his poetry talks of the hardships, poverty, inequality, etc. of the African-American people. His work has inspired many people, and is read by many students and scholars. He is a great positive role model. I personally love his poetry. It describes these problems within our society that still have yet to be resolved. It opens the reader’s eyes to the many disadvantages that many people have suffered through and are still trying to overcome. Langston Hughes is probably the most influential and remembered poet of the Harlem Renaissance. Hughes writes about how the African-American people have been all over the world. In â€Å"The Negro Speaks of Rivers† he talks about them bathing in the Euphrates, building huts by the Congo, and singing of the Mississippi. I think that this poem is showing how these people are everywhere. In America we act as if they are lesser, but he is saying to the white people, look at all my race has accomplished. For example, â€Å"We† built the pyramids, and we have been around as long as these rivers. This poem is meant to be positive. It does not talk directly about racism or puts down the white race for being prejudiced. In the poem, â€Å"I, Too† he describes how he is also part of what America is. Even if he is sent to eat in the kitchen, he is as much a part of America as anyone else. It shows that one day he will not be made to hide and eat in the kitchen. One day people will see that African Americans are beautiful people, and will be ashamed of how they were treated. This poem gives hope to the black community. It makes them look forward to the day when equality will come and racism will end. â€Å"Too bad that the day has still not yet come in this century.†[5] In his poem, â€Å"Harlem† this issue is addressed. He wonders what happens to dreams that are postponed. He feels that how long one must still dream of something that seems like it will never come. The African American people have been waiting to be seen as equal for several years, yet it still seems as though it will not happen. In â€Å"The Negro Artist and the Racial Mountain,† a young Negro poet said, â€Å"I want to be a poet-not a Negro poet.†[6] It also describes how many middle class blacks tried to be more like a â€Å"white† person. To disown their heritage in a way and become part of white America, which wasn’t right. He talks about how they should learn to appreciate their diversity and their culture. The blacks should be proud of their individuality. He thinks that many blacks are taught by white teachers, see white books and pictures, white papers, and then want to be what they are seeing. The diversity of African American talent reached an all time along the path of generating rebirth to the nation during the Harlem Renaissance period of 1919 to 1940. There was an outburst of confidence, expression, creativity and talent. This collective outburst established a path for artistic cultural expression leading to social transformation for African Americans. As a result, Harlem became the â€Å"capital of the African American world†. The rebirth of African American culture was collected of clever works of art, uplifting and expressive poets, musicians of perfection, inspirational political activists, creative painters, inventive sculptors, creative thinking novelists, dramatic playwrights, visionary choreographers, natural actors, excellent journalists, and imaginative actors. Many of these African Americans have made unique and long-lasting contributions to African American history and became major icons of the American scene. Langston Hughes will always be known as a great poet who did so much to make his race move toward equality. He wrote many inspirational poems. He wanted to reach a younger generation and show them that they can be successful. He wanted the children to be proud of who they are, and to excel in literature. He was part of something great. That something great was the Harlem Renaissance. It was a time of change, a time of happiness for the most part. It was a time when many people realized that there were many talented African Americans. Also it was a time for new things and a new way of doing things. Jazz and Blues became popular. White people came to Harlem to see how blacks danced, and what music they listened to. Harlem became a very trendy place. The arts increased all around Harlem. People were having fun. This influenced many people and ways that still are around today. The influence of the music can still be heard in some of our music today. Many authors today were inspired by those of the Harlem Renaissance. It was a great time for the African American community, but at the same time it caused fighting between the middle class and poorer blacks. The feeling of inequality still existed, but at least African Americans were finally getting some recognition for some of the amazing accomplishments that they have made. The Harlem Renaissance was a transitional moment in time when poetry transformed a nation of African Americans to ultimate heights. The Harlem Renaissance brought about uniqueness among African Americans; everything was new. Great names such as Langston Hughes paved the way for the future generations to follow.

Crime Does Not Pay Essay

Chris Paciello could be aptly described as a violent nice-looking hoodlum and lover. There was not much account on Paciello’s childhood life. However, his real name was Christian Ludwigzen and he was identified as a â€Å"thug wrapped up† in New York’s mob scene prior to his reinvention of himself in Miami. From 1987 to 1993, he was engaged in various robberies and theft cases, robbing establishments such hardware stores, video shops and pharmacies, and even pet store. He was also involved in some club and bar brawls and became in touch with the notorious gang of violent Brooklyn mobster. However, when things got rough with him, he fled to Miami to start a fresh new life. He reinvented himself, and transformed the Miami Beach area into a prime nightlife destination through his club Liquid which became the hottest place in America, using ill-gotten funds which he extracted from his robbery activities and his connection with the gang of violent mobster back in Brooklyn. Thus, Paciello was making legal money from his illegal funds, and making good reputation in the eyes of the public out of his relationships with famous women. In other words, he became a better person for being a womanizer. Pacillo’s connections with very popular people worked best for him as he quickly complete his own transformation. From a notorious robber connected to a dreaded gang of violent mobster, he is now a respectable, rich businessman, and lover of highly socialite women. His past crimes were already covered by the make-over he had made. He is now somebody who is greatly contributing to Miami’s economy. The question therefore is, if a person is contributing significantly to the economy, can he find favor in the law? Perhaps this could be the reason that many of his previous court cases were either dissolve or he got acquitted. But as the saying goes â€Å"Crime does not pay,† justice never sleep. His connection with outlawed mobsters leads to his own downfall as various cases sprang up against him including a homicide case. According to one law enforcer, Paciello was facing 30 years to life in jail but this was commuted to seven years imprisonment because he gave information about the bigger bosses of the violent mobsters. Could this be a form of bribery? I do not know, but it surely does him a great deal of favor.