Escape from Freedom Written by Erich Fromm Free Essay Example, 750 words

Men, in the struggle for freedom, fight against each other for the necessities of life which are already not very sufficient; and, this raises the need and lust for power and authority (p. 6). With power, man snatches away his necessities, and even luxuries, of life, and gives meaning to his attainment of freedom. However, the alienation and isolation that comes with freedom make a man want to escape it. Fromm has concluded from his psychoanalytic methods that man uses his way of dependence on others to escape freedom. On one hand, a man tries to depend on others, while on the other he also wants domination. There are certain factors in man s nature which are foxed and unchangeable: the necessity to satisfy the physiologically conditioned drives and the necessity to avoid isolation and moral aloneness (p. 20). Adolf Hitler and the Nazis of Germany have misused this concept by convincing their followers that they will be given freedom if they submit to the leaders. Fromm further arg ues that the need to submit and the longing for freedom at the same time becomes a major function of capitalism which encourages isolation in the society on the whole. We will write a custom essay sample on Escape from Freedom Written by Erich Fromm or any topic specifically for you Only $17.96 $11.86/page The biggest con that comes with freedom is social aloneness, which is something that man wants to escape by way of depending on others. The need for domination arises simultaneously, making the whole concept a kind of a paradox requiring great understanding and intellect to sort things out.

The Effects Of Climate Change On The Arctic Sea Through...

If I have the honor to be accepted to attend the DIS Copenhagen program, I plan on studying the environment and organisms in the Arctic Sea through the Glaciers and Human Impact: Icelandic Climate Change Case Study, along with Biological Conservation and Biodiversity with Lab, and Biology of Marine Mammals with Lab. As I am hopefully moving to Denmark in the future, I plan on taking Danish I II which will help me understand the culture and language more efficiently and cover my language requirements. Presently, I am an Environmental Science major with minors in Mathematics, Chemistry, and Biology. The biological and environmental courses relate well with my Environmental science major and my biology minor as well as covering earth space science and biology electives. I will become a marine ecologist, and I hope to do this in Denmark. This program will give me the building blocks I need to do so. I am ecstatic for the Glaciers and Human Impact course along with the associated trip, because I am extremely curious to see the effects of climate change up close and understand the mechanisms that are causing this to happen. Biological Conservation and Biodiversity with Lab is also exciting as I have always had a passionate curiosity about how we affect the organisms around us and what we are doing to save them. These courses will be exceptionally helpful in my future career, by allowing me to learn about the area that I hope to one day study and help. Even from a young age IShow MoreRelatedClimate Change : The World s Biggest Threats2266 Words   |  10 PagesClimate change is one of the world’s biggest threats. Climate change has been and currently still is affecting the planet. It affects the environment, animals, plants, the ecosystem and it affects humans as well. However, even though climate change affects humans, we also play a big part in contributing to climate change. For example, the amount of CO2 in the atmosphere has gone up due to the burning of fossil fuels (from human activity) as well as deforestation (clearing or removal of trees) whichRead MoreThe Effects Of Climate Change On The Earth1668 Words   |  7 Pagesthe Earth’s natural form. The warming of the Earth has caused the snow and ice to melt much faster and the ocean levels to rise. In the next hundred years the effects will be more severe. There are normally cooler parts of the Earth that are heavily impacted by climate change. Some that have been observed are the land areas in the Arctic. There are also seasonal differences due to the warming of the Earth. The second half of the 20th century had an intense winter warming in some places such as:Read MoreBelieve It Or Not, Global Warming1302 Words   |  6 Pagesbecause of human activities. Scientific research is proving that since the Industrial Revolution began, human activities have significantly increased the greenhouse effect. 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Some that have been observed are the land areas in the Arctic. There are also seasonal differences due to the warming of the Earth. The second half of the 20th century had intense winter warming in some places such as: CanadaRead MoreClimate Change Of Global Warming924 Words   |  4 Pages Figure 0.1 shows the different effects of global warming. Global warming is the warming of our planet at an extreme rate. The Earth’s climate has warmed by 7.8OC since 1880. (Quick facts about science, 2015). What causes global warming? The cause of global warming is the carbon dioxide. This acts like a blanket. Protecting the earth, and heating the earth. Sun rays would normally bounce around the earth, but with the blanket, the sun rays heat the blanket which heats the earth. 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While many aspects of climate change are still misunderstood, there is little debate that the concentration of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere is rising at an alarming rate. This rise is considered the main cause behind an increase in global temperature, which has set in motionRead MoreThe Effects Of Climate Change On The Alaskan Environment Essay1403 Words   |  6 Pagesworld has been affected by climate change. Climate change is a change in the statistical properties of the climate system that persists for several decades or longer (Montgomery, 2015). Climate change (or global warming) can be caused by a natural progress such as sun s radiations and volcanoes, or it can be caused by human s actions such as land use, deforestation, and pollution. (Hardy, 2003).This phenomenon not only affects the environment, but it also affects human lives. Alaska is the largest

Human Resources in Organization

Question: Discuss about theHuman Resources in Organization. Answer: Introduction The assignment will focus towards the development process of a proper recruitment strategy of Apple. Apple Inc is an American multinational technology company with its headquarters in Cupertino, California, which designs as well as develops consumer electronic products and computer software, which generates different kinds of online services. Steve Jobs, Steve Wozniak and Ronald Wayne founded this particular organization in the year 1976 (Apple 2016). When measured in terms of revenue it is one of the largest organizations and on the other hand, it is the second biggest company in manufacturing. There are certain assets present in the organization. One is the fixed assets and other one is current assets. Out of all the assets one of the major assets, which is present in different company, is the human resource management (Bohlander and Snell 2013). It is one of the difficult as well as challenging jobs for the managers to get the work done by the employees in the required manner. Recruitment strategies refer to the process of screening and selecting qualified people for a job. Management involves the use of the competencies as the standards towards addressing the candidates throughout the selection process of the interview section. Analysis of the Recruitment Strategy of Apple Apple maintains a healthy as well as proper recruitment strategy as compared with different multinational organization. Apple firmly believes in the three top areas, which includes recruitment, retention and rewards employees. Recruitment strategy includes low barrier to entry and no advanced degree or special certification is required. The recruitment strategy, which is selected by apple, is one of the unique strategies as compared with the other multinational companies. Defining the objectives of the company along with different kinds of organizational strategies will allow the employees to conclude the corporate requirements. Apple guides all the staff of the organization to be proactive (DeCenzo, Robbins and Verhulst 2013). There are certain organizational goals and objectives which majority of the company develops based on the requirements. In order to accomplish the overall aims and purposes Apple develops active recruitment strategies. However, Apple firmly believes in the dev elopment process of the pipeline recruitment strategy, which includes meeting people proactively and developing a database of qualified individuals (Dessler 2013). Apple believes in the process of retention of employees. It is one of the primary jobs of the human resources department to develop a high employee retention strategy. Apple believes in the process of building methodologies and tools for the people in order to deliver solution to the clients. With a view to develop a high retention strategies Apple continuously reinvest in individuals with a view to make them better employees. A balanced scorecard is one of the additional procedures, which will visualize the organization from four perspectives (Dessler 2013). The balance scorecard system includes the development process of metrics, which concentrates on collection of data and analyzes results relative to recruitment perspective. Learning and growth process is one of the key areas towards the development process of the proper recruiting strategies. All the employees need to perform a continuous process in the research and development part. Grow industry knowledge, personal development and value-supporting activities are the key strategies, which Apple follows in the employee retention process (Dowling, Festing and Engle 2013). Application of Theories Apple supports all the strategies and theories in order to motivate all the staff. If the employee gets motivated, it will allow the organization to be benefited in different ways. Some of the key reward system includes compensation policy, variable pay, value supporting activities and nontraditional benefits are some of the key activities in the reward system Apple follows in the overall recruitment system. One of the most important theories, which Apple follows in the organizational performance, is the application of the Maslows hierarchy of needs. There are four important factors, which include self-needs, esteemed needs, social needs, safety needs and physiological needs are the important factors which will evaluate this particular theory. Diversity in the work place is one of the key issues which majority of the multinational organization develops including Apple in the organizational activities and operations. The idea of diversity means many things. In the overall corporate structure, it often refers towards marinating a proper balance in the requirement of the organization. Apple maintains both on field as well as off filed recruitment strategies (Stone 2013). On field recruitment strategies includes hiring people from the practical filed and on the other hand, off field registered recruitment strategies includes hiring people based on publishing CV and other job profile (Stone 2013). The best way to fill empty slots is to keep them from being empty. Referrals are one of the earliest ways to identify different talents. The hiring departments of Apple need to able easily in order to adopt different kinds of circumstances and workloads (Prescott and Rothwell 2012). However, the recruitment strategy of Apple is to fol low different kinds of additional recruiting activities, which includes the following steps. Corporate structure, recruitment channels, competitive advantages, process of hiring, recruitment softwares, recruitment skills and social media are some of the key recruitment strategies, which majorities of the multinational organization follows in the daily business operations (Truss, Mankin and Kelliher 2012). Apple follows an eight-step hiring process in the overall organizational plans and procedures. The first step is to discuss the recruitment goals and strategies with the managers. The second phase is to determine the method of recruitment process, which includes the external recruitment process as well as internal hiring process, which is followed by participating in different kinds of brand buildings activities. Scheduling on campus interview and reviewing different types of resumes is the next steps, which Apple follows towards the development process if a high recruitment strategies (Werner, Schuler and Jackson 2012). The application of the recruitment method includes de veloping advertisement, internal recruitment strategies, and executive search firms and public employment agencies. Selecting the right people for the right job is one of the key objectives of the organization. If the right people are selected for the right job in the organization, it will bring positive impact in the organizational plans and procedures (Bohlander and Snell 2013). It will motivate all the employees in the proper manner and evaluate all the activities of the operations in the required manner (Stone 2013). It is one of the essential parts which majority of the managers follows in the organizational activities. The ultimate objective of Apple is to satisfy the basic needs of all the employees. If the needs of the employees are satisfied, it will bring certain positive impacts in the requirements of the organization (DeCenzo, Robbins and Verhulst 2013). On the other hand, Apple needs to maintain a diversified recruitment strategies which in different segments. Some of the key areas which of the business are product and development, marketing and sales, retail, customer support are some of the key sectors which Apple needs focus on. Discussing any particular point and relevant conditions in the market place and other external factors must be considered in the strategies of the organization (Dowling, Festing and Engle 2013). Plans are developed in order to plan the strategies of the organization in the required manner. Conclusion The concluding part of the study will analyze all the important factors, which will concentrate towards developing a proper recruitment strategy. Doing the best thing possible is one of the key objectives of this particular organization. Sometimes different organization irrespective of the nature of the business gives up, which is very hard to achieve. However, Apple does not give up anything in the business operations and all the employees give full efforts in order make it. Apple gives the opportunity to all the employees in order to share their ideas. Human Resource, Planning Decision, Strategic Recruitment decision and decision on recruitment source are some of the key activities, which Apple follows in the operations. Reference List Apple. (2016).Apple. [online] Available at: https://www.apple.com/ [Accessed 14 Aug. 2016]. Bohlander, G. and Snell, S. (2013).Principles of human resource management. Australia: South-Western/Cengage Learning. DeCenzo, D., Robbins, S. and Verhulst, S. (2013).Fundamentals of human resource management. Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley Sons. Dessler, G. (2013).A framework for human resource management. Upper Saddle River, N.J.: Pearson Prentice Hall. Dessler, G. (2013).Human resource management. Boston: Prentice Hall. Dowling, P., Festing, M. and Engle, A. (2013).International human resource management. Andover: Cengage Learning. Mondy, R. and Mondy, J. (2012).Human resource management. Boston: Prentice Hall. Prescott, R. and Rothwell, W. (2012).The encyclopedia of human resource management. Hoboken: John Wiley Sons. Stone, R.J., 2013.Managing human resources. John Wiley and Sons. Truss, C., Mankin, D. and Kelliher, C. (2012).Strategic human resource management. Oxford: Oxford University Press. Werner, S., Schuler, R. and Jackson, S. (2012).Human resource management. Australia: South-Western Cengage Learning.

Theatre and Other Arts

Theatre and Other Arts- Theatre Challenges Essay Theatre and Other Arts Theatre Challenges Theatre is a collaborative form of fine art that uses live performers to present the experience of a real or imagined event before a live audience in a specific place. Theatre has existed since the dawn tot man, as a result tot human tendency for storytelling. The performers may communicate this experience to the audience through combinations of gesture, speech, song, music or dance. The most important element of theatre is the audience, which can make the performance or break it down. Theatrical art is done by people and for people. Theatre plays a very important role in the whole society, it is rather influential, and in fact, it has a great impact upon people, both positive and negative. The theatre has been shown to be didactic it is one of the greatest aesthetic and educational strength. The main aims of theatre are: to appeal to the hearts of the audience; to involve them into the atmosphere Of art; to engage them emotionally and let them rest and be entertained in the way they want. We will write a custom essay on Theatre and Other Arts- Theatre Challenges specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now The first theatres were purposefully made for entertainment and everybody was allowed to attend it. In some time the art in theatre was done only for an elite, but today theatre focuses on the different audiences trying to make everybody involved in the art. Russian famous poet Vladimir Moisakos once said that Theatre is not a reflecting mirror but a magnifying glass. The role of Theater in Society is became a mean of communicating culture, helped us come to understand more about humanity, our hopes and fears and helped to find ourselves and the larger world around. Theatre is changing. The traditional canon is constantly revisited with a fresh ye and new writing continues to thrive, with new plays enjoying full houses. It seems essential to dwell upon theatre and other arts, theatre and high tech scenery as all challenges have important impact upon it, Experiments have begun in digital broadcasting Doubtless, that one of the greatest threats facing theatre is television, In the first place, television is not only a convenient source of entertainment, but also a comparatively cheap one. Many people do not understand that the theatre is the parent of new dramatic forms. Without a vying theatre where writers, directors, designers and actors could learn their jobs, movies and television plays would be very crude indeed. Unfortunately the wealthy organizations responsible for films, radio and television, have helped themselves liberally to the talent the theatre has trained but have given it little in return. In fact their competition has made the position of the theatre Which has no State support far more precarious than it used to be, and has made commercial theatre managers more reluctant than ever to experiment Another threat is generally seen from the sides Of radio, cinema and the Internet. While the situation with cinema and radio are nearly the same as with the television, the state of affairs with the Internet demands to have a closer look at the problem. The appearance of wide access to the Internet and digital technology is bound to have an effect on live theatre or, at least, on our reaction to it. When we can see the best online all the charm of going out loses its loveliness. Digital inventions made us lazier although being said to save our time. Radio is the theatre Of the mind; television is the theatre Of the mindless (Steve Allen) In conclusion Id like to say that theatre is the magical place where man meets his image and has the lifelike communication With the art and performers. All in all, is difficult to overestimate the role of art and theater in our lives. The future is full Of possibilities, but it also demands more from theatre leaders and their programs than ever before. The pressure on theatre organizations continue to increase, thats why they continue to find new ways to attract and engage people more widely.

Cause And Effect Essays - Smoking, Tobacco, Habits, Cigarette

Cause And Effect When I was eleven years old, my best friend Michelle Baker and I thought that we would look more grown up if we started smoking. My parents smoked, so we devised a plan for me to steal their cigarettes, and then Michelle and I would meet behind K. J. Clark Middle School to smoke. We thought smoking would make us more popular with the older kids who hung out there. The next morning I sneaked into my mother's room and stole a pack of Pallmall Gold cigarettes from her carton, and a pack of matches from her bed table. I hurried out the door to school with the overwhelming fear my mother would catch me before I could get there. I ran two whole blocks before I met up with Michelle. I proudly showed her my stolen pack of cigarettes, and she was impressed with my story of how I was able to slip the smokes out of the house. By her reaction, I just knew I was becoming more popular already. Michelle and I walked to the back of our school where the tough kids hung out and opened the pack of cigarettes. We each took one cigarette and lit it up. It was the nastiest thing I had ever tasted! I tried to inhale the smoke as I had seen my parents do, but instead of breathing a long sigh of satisfaction, I thought I would cough up a lung. I hated it! For some unexplainable reason, I kept going back behind school and lighting one up. Twenty-one years later I am still smoking. I cannot go a day without a cigarette; I am addicted. I wake up in the middle of the night to light one up, and it is the first thing I do when I wake up in the morning. I have even fallen asleep with a cigarette in my hand, almost catching my bed on fire. I fell asleep holding a cigarette last night. When I let my hand relax, the cigarette dropped and burned on my right hand. I always smell like smoke. I can chew all the peppermint I want, but the smell is still there. My belief that smoking would make me look older was not altogether wrong. Smoking has caused wrinkles on my face and my fingernails to yellow. The effects that nicotine has had on my appearance are irreversible. Smoking for so many years has also taken a toll on my health. I am unable to run very far without losing my breath. I am more likely to get colds and develop respiratory problems. Asthma, bronchitis, and emphysema are always a lingering threat. My smoking has also endangered the health of my family. My children have had ear infections and are more susceptible to respiratory problems as well. Children of smoking parents are more likely to smoke as adults than children of non-smoking parents. By smoking, I may have influenced my children's chance of a healthy future. I have tried to quit smoking many times. I did quit for seven months in 1991, but I made the big mistake of picking up a cigarette again. Much like a heroin addict, I go though withdrawals. When I am unable to get my nicotine on a regular basis, I become a hard person to live with. All the reasons not to smoke, particularly the health risk to which I have subjected my family and myself, should be enough to make me stop, yet I still smoke. The hold this addiction has on me is incredible.

Free Essays on Special Education

Special education began in 1965. The involvement of the federal government in education started in 1965 with the movement of the Elementary and Secondary Education Act (ESEA). This act set the stage for reserving federal funds for the education of children in the U.S. public elementary and secondary schools. One year after the passing of the ESEA it was amended to the explicitly provide federal support for educating children with disabilities. The ESEA’s Title VI amendment authorized the use of federal funds to assist states in the start, enlargement and improvement of programs to educate children with disabilities. The Civil Rights Movement and the U.S. Supreme Courts landmark decision in Brown vs. Board of Education in 1954 set the extension of legal rights to an education for children with disabilities and their parents. There are two more important cases that helped produce a strong legal and political support for expanding federal oversight of the education of children with disabilities and they are the Pennsylvania for Retarded Children (PARC) vs. Commonwealth of Pennsylvania in 1968 and Mills vs. Board of Education of the District of Columbia in 1968. The PARC vs. Commonwealth of Pennsylvania case was because mentally challenged children were being excluded from public schools; the ruling in this case stopped that. The Mills vs. Board of Education of the District of Columbia case was to let children with less severe disabilities enter public schools as well it was an extension of the PARC vs. Commonwealth of Pennsylvania. The Education for All Handicapped Children Act (EAHCA) was signed into law on November 29, 1975 by President Ford. The law was passed by Congress for these three reasons 1. It ensures that children with disabilities receive a free appropriate public education. 2. It protects the rights students and their parents. 3. It helps states and localities in their efforts to provide such services. The EAH... Free Essays on Special Education Free Essays on Special Education Special education began in 1965. The involvement of the federal government in education started in 1965 with the movement of the Elementary and Secondary Education Act (ESEA). This act set the stage for reserving federal funds for the education of children in the U.S. public elementary and secondary schools. One year after the passing of the ESEA it was amended to the explicitly provide federal support for educating children with disabilities. The ESEA’s Title VI amendment authorized the use of federal funds to assist states in the start, enlargement and improvement of programs to educate children with disabilities. The Civil Rights Movement and the U.S. Supreme Courts landmark decision in Brown vs. Board of Education in 1954 set the extension of legal rights to an education for children with disabilities and their parents. There are two more important cases that helped produce a strong legal and political support for expanding federal oversight of the education of children with disabilities and they are the Pennsylvania for Retarded Children (PARC) vs. Commonwealth of Pennsylvania in 1968 and Mills vs. Board of Education of the District of Columbia in 1968. The PARC vs. Commonwealth of Pennsylvania case was because mentally challenged children were being excluded from public schools; the ruling in this case stopped that. The Mills vs. Board of Education of the District of Columbia case was to let children with less severe disabilities enter public schools as well it was an extension of the PARC vs. Commonwealth of Pennsylvania. The Education for All Handicapped Children Act (EAHCA) was signed into law on November 29, 1975 by President Ford. The law was passed by Congress for these three reasons 1. It ensures that children with disabilities receive a free appropriate public education. 2. It protects the rights students and their parents. 3. It helps states and localities in their efforts to provide such services. The EAH...

Affects On Business in New York City Term Paper

Affects On Business in New York City - Term Paper Example But on the other hand there are many difficulties and factors still exist which inhibit the residents to live independently and without issues. America has always been the place where issues of racism, inequality, differences of social, cultural or political exist. US residents were tired of social and economic inequality, greed corruption in the business sector and undue influence of corporation on 6their government. The main influence on the authoritative part was from the financial sector.The financial distribution in America was like 99% of society was facing inequality and unhealthy income distribution and 1% of the society was rich. It was holding on to the wealth which was the right of other 99% residents as well (Mr. Smith (2001). Now, to overcome this problem and to get rid of severe living issues the people got united under one slogan â€Å"we are 99%† and protested against the growing factors which were perilous to their living circumstances. The participants conduc ted assemblies which were called â€Å"General Assemblies† in which major and basic decisions were taken. Actions to be taken were planned and discussed. In these assemblies, the president and main participants of the movement decided to take over the petitions straight and to get hold of the financial situations directly by planning the major road map for this goal. The protestors were failed in the beginning and were forced to move out of the Zuccotti Park where it took place. After they left the place, they never succeeded.

Best Practices in Corrections Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Best Practices in Corrections - Research Paper Example This system is a sub-system of the wider system of criminal justice. The latter includes police, courts of law, and prosecution. Arguably, the most common and best-known correctional institution is the prison. This paper, however, focuses on reentry programs as a part of the correctional system. The aim of the paper is to undertake an exploration of best practices in reentry programs from existing academic literature. This goal will be achieved by first providing a description of the programs. Next, key success elements or factors of the programs will be discussed. Thereafter, empirical support or evidence of the effectiveness of the programs will be analyzed. Finally, the role of the programs in complementing other correctional services will be discussed. Every year over 650,000 offenders are released from America’s correctional facilities alone (Office of Justice Programs, 2012). Research reveals that two-thirds of those released are likely to relapse into crime and offenses. For this reason, offenders who are released constitute a significant threat to public safety. This is where reentry programs come in. The term ‘offender reentry’ refers to the return of offenders from correctional institutions into the communities they come from. Reentry programs are initiatives or partnerships forged by authorities to ensure a smooth transition when a prisoner or another offender completes their sentence and returns to the community. Reentry programs emanate from the knowledge that offenders who go back home after serving their jail terms encounter many challenges. These challenges include lack of social acceptance, education, job skills, housing, and counseling. In addition, some returnees resort to substance and drug abus e. Reentry programs can also be seen from the point of view of law enforcement(Office of Justice Programs, 2012). In this view, the return of offenders from facilities of correction is a matter of the safety of the officer and the

History and Theory 2 - buildings in context Essay

History and Theory 2 - buildings in context - Essay Example How are they influenced by the society and how do they respond to social upheavals? The types of architecture reflect the concrete expression of changes in social, cultural, political and economic context over time. As new types are put in place and the existing types are modified, we see a pattern which proves that this is being done to accommodate changing social practices, technologies, political or cultural values. When we emphasize the contextual influence on the architecture of the buildings, we tend to ignore the role played by architect and the style he has adopted in designing the structure. What is important here is to consider the role of individual architect and his broader stylistic movements and also examine the contextual issues that he has taken into consideration for designing a particular structure. These contextual issues have a great impact on the form and meaning of architecture. There is a definite relationship between an architect and the society or the period of history in which they live, design and construct the buildings. The user of the architecture also has a definite role to play in the architecture because buildings are not always used for the purpose for which they are designed. For example a building might have been designed for educational purposes but ultimately may end up being used for recreation activities. The architect who has designed the structure may feel hurt with the findings. Text In this context the Palace of Westminster as a building shall be examined by carrying out study of its form, function, its aesthetic features and uses. We shall also examine the importance of the Big Ben and its location Vis a Vis the Palace of Westminster. Construction of the Palace of Westminster was one of the major accomplishments of the mid- western Victorian period. The palace of Westminster houses the British parliament. It was built as per the design of the architect Charles Barry. The job was entrusted to some of the prominent con tractors of the time (middle of the nineteenth century).They used the latest techniques and machinery available at that point of time. Services of skilled craftsmen and several hundred laborers were utilized for construction in a record time (Morton, 2002). The building became a benchmark of excellent construction and is considered a symbol of pride for Britain. The Gothic style used in the design, gives a feeling of the past. It does not have a futuristic look but still it is a symbol of power and glory. As a token of appreciation, the Queen bestowed knighthood to Barry. During the construction of the Palace of Westminster its architect and builder had to face a lot of problems. The cost of the building, which was initially estimated to be 700000 Pounds Sterling, went up to 2 million Pound Sterling! It took close to 30 years to complete the building instead of the original estimated time of 6 years. There were several areas of dispute which came up much before the actual constructi on took place. These were related to initial design, fees of the architects, estimates, problems with supply of raw material etc. The workers also went on a strike which halted the work for almost thirty weeks. No wonder, the entire project was fraught with problems and difficulties, right from the start to completion of the project. However, the end result was so beautiful that it was admired by all, its users and

The History And Evolution Of Saarc Politics Essay

The History And Evolution Of Saarc Politics Essay The South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation (SAARC) comprises eight countries of South Asia, i.e. Afghanistan, Bangladesh, Bhutan, India, Maldives, Nepal, Pakistan, Sri Lanka. The idea of regional cooperation in South Asia was first mooted in May 1980 by Bangladesh President Ziaur Rahman. President Rahman addressed letters to the Heads of Government of the countries of South Asia, presenting his vision for the future of the region and the compelling arguments for regional cooperation in the context of evolving international realities. The Foreign Secretaries of seven countries in South Asia met for the first time in Colombo in April 1981 and identified five broad areas for regional cooperation. A series of meetings followed in Nepal (Kathmandu/November 1981), Pakistan (Islamabad/August, 1982), Bangladesh, India (Delhi/July 1983) to enhance regional cooperation. The next step of this process was the Foreign Ministers meeting in New Delhi in 1983 where they adopted the Declara tion on South Asian Regional Cooperation (SARC). During the next two years South Asian nations committed themselves to form this South Asian alliance and the process culminated in the First SAARC Summit held on 7-8 December in 1985 in Dhaka where the Heads of State or Government of seven countries, Bangladesh, Bhutan, India, Maldives, Nepal, Pakistan and Sri Lanka adopted the Charter formally establishing the South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation (SAARC). It is an Association based on the consciousness that in an increasingly interdependent world, the objectives of peace, freedom, social justice and economic prosperity are best achieved in the South Asian region by fostering mutual understanding, good neighbourly relations and meaningful cooperation among the Member States which are bound by ties of history and culture The objectives and principles contained in the SAARC Charter are as follows: Objectives a) To promote the welfare of the peoples of South Asia and to improve their quality of life; b) To accelerate economic growth, social progress and cultural development in the region and to provide all individuals the opportunity to live in dignity and to realise their full potential c) To promote and strengthen collective self-reliance among the countries of South Asia; d) To contribute to mutual trust, understanding and appreciation of one anothers problems; d) To promote active collaboration and mutual assistance in the economic, social, cultural, technical and scientific fields e) To strengthen cooperation with other developing countries; f) To strengthen cooperation among themselves in international forums on matters of common interests; and g) To cooperate with international and regional organisations with similar aims and purposes. Principles a) Cooperation within the framework of the Association is based on respect for the principles of sovereign equality, territorial integrity, political independence, non-interference in the internal affairs of other States and mutual benefit; b) Such cooperation is to complement and not to substitute bilateral or multilateral cooperation; and c) Such cooperation should be consistent with bilateral and multilateral obligations of Member States. Preamble to the SAARC Charter The preamble to the SAARC Charter spells out the intention of forming this South Asian alliance as We, the Heads of State or Government of BANGLADESH, BHUTAN, INDIA, MALDIVES, NEPAL, PAKISTAN and SRI LANKA; Desirous of promoting peace, stability, amity and progress in the region through strict adherence to the principles of the UNITED NATIONS CHARTER and NON-ALIGNMENT, particularly respect for the principles of sovereign equality, territorial integrity, national independence, non-use of force and non-interference in the internal affairs of other States and peaceful settlement of all disputes Conscious that in an increasingly interdependent world, the objectives of peace, freedom, social justice and economic prosperity are best achieved in the SOUTH ASIAN region by fostering mutual understanding, good neighbourly relations and meaningful cooperation among the Member States which are bound by ties of history and culture Aware of the common problems, interests and aspirations of the peoples of SOUTH ASIA and the need for joint action and enhanced cooperation within their respective political and economic systems and cultural traditions' Convinced that regional cooperation among the countries of SOUTH ASIA is mutually beneficial, desirable and necessary for promoting the welfare and improving the quality of life of the peoples of the region; Convinced further that economic, social and technical cooperation among the countries of SOUTH ASIA would contribute significantly to national and collective self-reliance; Recognising that increased cooperation, contacts and exchanges among the countries of the region will contribute to the promotion of friendship and understanding among their peoples; Do hereby agree to establish an organization to be known as SOUTH ASIAN ASSOCIATION FOR REGIONAL COOPERATION hereinafter referred to as the ASSOCIATIONà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ Changes in SAARC over a period of time After more than two decades since its founding at the initiative of General Zia-ul -Rahman, the then President of Bangladesh, the number of members is being increased from seven to eight. And for the first time a member with no common border with India Afghanistan joined SAARC. Also China, Japan, US, South Korea and the European Union attended the Summit as observers. It is only logical that in the not very distant future Russia too will be added to the list of observers. SAARC was conceived as an organisation to promote regional economic and technological cooperation. It was expected that such cooperation, if it is sustained will lead to increased political and security cooperation. Both in the case of European Union and ASEAN (Association of South East Asian Nations) the countries concerned had a shared perception of their security challenges.  This did not happen in case of SAARC. There was a war between two members of the SAARC in 1999 and a military confrontation in 2002. Therefore nurturing SAARC as a regional organisation has been a far more challenging task than those faced by organisations like the European Union and the ASEAN. In fact one member of SAARC (Pakistan) refuses to extend the normal most favoured nation treatment to its neighbour (India) though this is a basic prerequisite under the World Trade Organisation regulations. Though there has been a formal agreement to convert the SAARC region into a free trade area, Pakistan and Bangladesh have been reluctant to move towards the fulfillment of that objective. In reality SAARC is largely a name board with annual rituals, not always regularly observed. While in other parts of the world, the trend is towards countries coming together to form larger markets, in South Asia this sentiment prevails only among Sri Lanka, Bhutan and India. Pakistan and Bangladesh do not contribute to the world-wide wisdom that countries coming together to form larger markets is a mutually beneficially proposition.  Ã‚   In Europian countries like Germany and France got over their centuries old animosity. This happened when countries like Germany, Italy, Spain discarded their authoritarian regimes and became democracies. In ASEAN too Indonesia and Malaysia concluded peace after years of confrontation. Vietnam, Laos and Cambodia who fought long wars with the US, which was supported by other ASEAN countries have now become economic and political partners of countries which helped to wage war against them. Unfortunately such radical transformation has not taken place in South Asia. There are reasons to believe that underlying this difference in development may be that religion-based identity exercises greater dominance in some countries of South Asia than nationalism-based identity. In admitting a number of successful economic powers as observers to the SAARC, the expectation is that such interaction may help to convert the mindset of the countries which still resist regional economic cooperation and integration in a world which is rapidly globalising. India has attempted to get Bangladesh into a BIMSTECH arrangement consisting of Bangladesh, India, Myanmar and Sri Lanka. Such a change in mindset is a time-consuming process and therefore there should not be exaggerated expectations with the new beginning with entry of Afghanistan into SAARC and five new observers. The future of SAARC appears to be brighter because in the past.   SAARC was buffeted by Cold War tensions and Pakistan, Nepal and Bangladesh were attempting to exploit the differences between India and China and India and the US. Recent changes in the orientation of US policy and the Washington perception about the need to have a balance of power in Asia and consequent need to enhance Indo-US relations have had a radical impact on Indias relations with China and South East Asia.  Ã‚   Increasingly India is referred to as one of the six balancers of power in the emerging international system. India today has a strategic partnership with Russia, the US and the European Union and a strategic dialogue with China and Japan.  Ã‚   The visits of Premier Wen Jia Bao of China, President Vladamir Putin of Russia, Prime Junichiro Minister Koizumi of Japan and President Bush to India and invitation to India along with China to attend the G-8 summit of advanced industrial powers has helped to transform the situation in the SAARC region towards increasing cooperation.  Ã‚   There is now better realisation that neither India-China nor India-US relations can be exploited by other nations as happened during the Cold War. In the SAARC region democracy is gaining ground. Afghanistan has an elected government for the first time. Recent developments in Bangladesh, Pakistan and Nepal, though yet to result in full blown democracy are moving in a positive direction. In Bhutan monarchy is voluntarily transforming itself into a democracy. Some Pakistani intellectuals argue that the factor that stands in the way of regional cooperation and integration in South Asia is the overwhelming dominance of India which constitutes more than 70 per cent of the population, resources and industrial and agricultural production of the region. It is therefore difficult to compare the evolution of SAARC with that of European Union or ASEAN. In a sense it could be argued that India itself with its multi-culturalism, multilingual, multiethnic and multi religious composition is like a further integrated European Union. Political evolution within India has made it inevitable that India will be federally governed by coalitions of all-India and regional parties with regional autonomy and aspirations fully accommodated. This development is bound to have its impact on the rest of the SAARC region. So will Indias rapid economic development, its aspirations to become a knowledge based society, its secular values and democracy. There were people in Indias neighbourhood who thought Indian unity would not survive. This conviction persuaded them not to invest in the evolution of SAARC over the last two decades. That situation is changing. Though it is unrealistic to expect any immediate radical changes in the attitudes of Pakistan and even Bangladesh towards SAARC there is no doubt that a new era of increasing integration is beginning, because of the forces of globalisation and emergence of an international balance of power. Challenges Opportunities The region is full of challenges and opportunities. South Asia is home to more than 1.5 billion people associated with various racial, lingual and religious groups. Some of the main challenges and problems facing the region include poverty, illiteracy, underdevelopment, terrorism, human trafficking, and racial and ethnic conflicts. Similarly, food and energy crises have also come out as burning issues of the region. In spite of such challenges and problems, South Asia is abundant in human as well as natural resources. When these resources are managed and utilized effectively, the region is sure to make considerable socio-economic progress within a short span of time. The South Asian people have many reasons to be optimistic if we look at the SAARC Charter that has included all the existing realities in the sub-continent, with the countries of different sizes, various levels of socio-economic development, historical legacies between and among the nations of the region. But, when the progress made by SAARC is assessed minutely, we do not find a very encouraging picture in terms of quality of life the people in South Asia. However, SAARC is gradually fostering cooperation among the member states in a wide range of areas. Because of its contributions to promoting peace, good neighbourly relations and bringing about socio-economic transformation in the region, SAARC has become a valuable forum among its member states. As a saying goes: Rome was not built in a day, the regional forum also requires some more time to achieve its goals and objectives.

Are Cultures Diminished or Enhanced Through the Process of Globalization?

Are cultures diminished or enhanced through the process of Globalization? An essay by Jaclyn Macdonald- 389686 Globalization offers opportunities but presents problems. Connectivity between cultures is developing at an exponential rate. This has ramifications for individual cultures. Increased interaction, principally through new media and greater global mobility creates opportunities to enhance cultures but it carries with it the risk of cultural erosion as external influences may overwhelm attitudes, beliefs and values.Globalization is defined as ‘a process in which worldwide economic, political, cultural and social relations become increasingly connected across time and space’ (Thompson, 1995, 149). Globalization is not a modern phenomenon and has its precedents in the empires of Spain, France and Britain among others. The progressive development of economic and political ties of these colonial powers took decades or centuries to come to realization.The rapidity of th is process has been greatly accelerated by the technological and communication developments of recent decades that have facilitated a dramatic increase in global economic, political, cultural and social integration. Consequently, the world has become increasingly interdependent in the areas of travel, communications, trading and finances, all of which contribute towards frequent cultural interactions and greater mobility of people. Globalization brings about a rapidly developing and ever increasing density of the network of interconnections and interdependencies that characterize present-day social life. Globalization lies at the heart of modern culture; culture practices lie at the heart of globalization. This is the reciprocal relationship’ (Tomlinson, 1999). Globalization alone does not determine the shape and character of culture nor is culture the only influence on globalization. Edward Tyler defined culture as ‘that complex whole which includes knowledge, belief, art, morals, law, custom, and any other capabilities acquired by man as a member of society (Thompson, 1991). The evolution of echnology, primarily new social media, has created opportunities for individuals to choose to embrace or dismiss the aspects of the cultures they are exposed to. Additionally, they can run the risk of losing parts of their own cultures to a wave of foreign influences. ‘One of the most widespread theories of cultural globalization is the idea that the world is becoming more uniform and standardized, through a technological, commercial and cultural synchronization emanating from the West’ (Lange, Meier, 2009, 56).Theorists who support cultural homogenization insist that the spread of globalization has lead to an erosion of cultures and traditions. This view infers globalization to be a euphemism for western cultural imperialism, proposing ethnocentricity will eventually eradicate individual cultures. Identity is commonly deemed fundamental to huma n experience ‘Identity is people’s source of meaning and experience’ (Castells, 1997: 6). The ethnocentric view does not recognize that globalization invariably causes individual culture as David Morley comments, migrants ‘moved from a world in which . . identity was not a central concern, to one in which they were pressed . . . to adopt a particular form of individuality’ (Rantanen, 2005). Manuel Castells writes; ‘Our world and our lives are being shaped by the conflicting trends of globalization and identity’. Opposing homogenization theories, Castells explores ‘the widespread surge of powerful expressions of collective identity that challenge globalization . . . on behalf of cultural singularity and people’s control over their lives and environment’ (Castells, 1997: 2).While homogenization theorists suggest that a ‘global culture’ will dominate all others, Castells proposes that the need for identity d rives cultures to remain individual and as such, globalization thus proliferates cultural identities rather than diminishing them. Global homogenization has an impact on culture by directly affecting the production and use of commodities, social relationships, and the dominance of religion in societies. Homogenization†¦ does not affect how people relate to each other and how they find meaning and purpose in life. It leaves largely untouched the freedom and agency of the subjects in the creating and changing culture, both as individual and as groups (Friedman, 1994). Increasing global mobility has produced a fear of the deterioration of cultures however, people are not merely objects of cultural influences but rather, subjects able to consciously discard or assimilate culture. This choice to embrace culture is now augmented.Integrating cultures can contribute to increasing nationalism due to the human need for sense of belonging and identity, Hall writes; ‘when the era of nation-states in globalization begins to decline, one can see a regress to a very defensive and highly dangerous from of national identity which is driven by a very aggressive form of racism (Rantanen, 2005; 97). Nationalism has thrived to accomplish this sense of belonging throughout history and though national identity may not be everlasting it remains today despite increased global mobility.National identities no longer rely on physical location due to media facilitation as people have gained the ability to communicate and access information to connect to their nation. International students at the University of Melbourne encounter this threat to their national identities. They are submerged in a new location for three years or more with cultures incongruent to that of their homeland. They are faced with the diversity of cosmopolitan Melbourne and the culture of the university itself. Isolated from their native culture, international students would easily become overwhelmed by th e lifestyle of their new surroundings.However, through communication programs like Skype, Facebook, and Twitter they are able to stay in closer contact and with greater ease than students in previous times. People of individual cultures naturally relate to others who share their culture and this bond is immediately apparent when viewing the social relationships on the Melbourne University campus. Students of similar backgrounds, ethnicities and languages can often group together on the university campus, insulating themselves from other cultures.Some groups speak in their primary language in order to distinguish themselves from others and of course to communicate more effectively. The difficulty inherent in this is that language can be divisive as well as inclusive. It can be a deterrent to other students initiating a conversation if they feel excluded. Cultural interaction in tutorials is less divided than in the open and unsupervised areas of campus. Though friendships are often f ormed between those of similar cultures, the interactive style of learning typically deems social groups irrelevant.Students necessarily have to communicate more in tutorials with other people. Australia’s tertiary institutions ‘have an important role to play in the shaping of young peoples’ identities and in the development of active citizenship in an increasingly multicultural and globalized society’ (Mansouri, Lobo, 2011). Multicultural tertiary campuses can offer many advantages for their students by facilitating greater social understanding of cultural differences and similarities. Creating a educational environment which nurtures and manages cultural diversity effectively is not an easy task. This management depends on the professional management and governance of teaching and learning activities’, which allows students to develop their full potential’ (Grobler et al. 2006). Increasing numbers of international students have brought abou t a level of insecurity driven by the belief that common values are being eroded because they are distanced from their native lifestyles. The concept, termed deterritorialization, explains the way in which events outside of our immediate localities, ‘action(s) at a distance’ – are increasingly consequential for our experience.Students with migrant backgrounds, who were born in Australia or have lived here for many years, ‘may have issues with their hybrid identity; mediating between two cultures, that of their parents and that of mainstream Australian society’ (Butcher, 2004; 215-216). Specifically, it is argued that people worldwide now develop a bicultural identity, which distracts from their local heritage. When students leave their home country to study in Australia, they are breaking the physical connection to their local heritage. Modern culture is less determined by location because location is increasingly penetrated by ‘distanceâ€℠¢ (Giddens, 1991).Before the advances of communication technologies, people were only aware of their physical surroundings, which limited their reception of information and cultural influences. ‘Places provide an anchor of shared experiences between people and continuity over time†¦ It enables people to define themselves and to share experiences with others and form themselves into communities’ (Bennett, 1998, 103). Global mobility has increased through the process of globalization, which breaks the physical bond between cultural groups.Modern technology works to reconnect people through communication rather than place. ‘In conditions of modernity, place becomes increasingly phantasmagoric: that is to say, locales are thoroughly penetrated and shaped in terms of social influences quite distant from them. (Giddens, 1990: 18-19)’. The customary method of social interaction has in many cultures progressed into global online communication rather than tradi tional face-to-face interaction. The change in interaction method has produced new social relationships. The decreased need for place in communication is evolutionary in culture.People are no longer determined by their physical surroundings as technology provides them with a choice of the information they receive. ‘When we communicate through telephone, radio, or computer, we are physically no longer determined by where and who we are socially (Meyrowitz, 1985: 115). The processes of globalization has evolved concurrently with media technologies, causing telecommunications to be described as the ‘central nervous system’ of the very process of globalization (Castells 1996, Mansell 1994). Media is vital for providing cultural and symbolic resources worldwide, contributing to its success.Barker has observed, ‘globalization has increased the range of sources and resources available for the construction of identity’ (Barker, 1997). According to many theori sts, the sense of place has been fundamentally changed by the arrival of media and communications. ‘Our world is becoming senseless to many because, for the first time in modern history, we are relatively without place; we are part of a global world’. (Meyrowitz, 1985). What many theorists of place have failed to acknowledge is the increasing connectivity, not only between global places, but also within places.Audiences ‘naturally gravitate towards programming choices that appear most relevant or proximate to their own context and thus allow them to seek the pleasure of recognition of their own culture’ (Straubhaar, 1991) or ‘ultimately people like to see something close to their lives’ (Hong, 1998). The process of globalization creates many benefits for enhancing cultures. The evolution of technology, has most significantly, created opportunities for individuals to view culture as a preference rather than compulsory.People are now able to make an informed decision about their adoption of culture through increased information access, ‘the combination of economic, technical, social and cultural resources held by media organizations had meant that ‘quantatively and qualitively†¦ the media have established a decisive and fundamental leadership in the cultural sphere’ (Hall, 1977, p. 341). Many external influences threaten to diminish cultural individuality however; it is the evolutionary influence of globalization, which has allowed culture to be an individual’s choice, which truly enhances culture. References Appadurai, Arjun. Modernity at large: cultural dimensions of globalization. Minneapolis, Minn. : University of Minnesota Press, 1996. †¢ ? Barker, James, Bernard William Tenenbaum, and Fiona Woolf. Governance and regulation of power pools and system operators an international comparison. Washington, D. C. : World Bank, 1997. †¢ ? Bennett, David. Multicultural states rethinking difference and identity. London: Routledge, 1998. †¢ ? Castells, Manuel. The rise of the network society. Malden, Mass. : Blackwell Publishers, 1996. †¢ ? Castells, Manuel. The power of identity. Malden, Mass. Blackwell, 1997. †¢ ? Coppens, Peter. Ideal man in classical sociology: the views of Comte, Durkheim, Pareto, and Weber. University Park: Pennsylvania State University Press, 1976. †¢ ? Durkheim, Emile, and George E. G. Catlin. The rules of sociological method. London: Royal National Institute for the Blind, 1976. Print. †¢ ? Flew, Terry. Understanding global media. Basingstoke [England: Palgrave Macmillan, 2007. †¢ ? Friedman, Jonathan. Cultural identity and global process. London: Sage Publications, 1994. †¢ ? Giddens, Anthony. â€Å"Chapter 2. † The consequences of modernity.Stanford, Calif. : Stanford University Press, 1990. 18-19. †¢ ? Giddens, Anthony. Modernity and self-identity: self and society in the late modern age. Stanford, Calif. : Stanford University Press, 1991. †¢ ? Hall, Alex. Scandal, sensation, and social democracy: the SPD press and Wilhelmine Germany 1890-1914. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1977. †¢ ? Hall, Stuart. Modernity and its futures. Cambridge: Polity Press in association with the Open University, 1992. †¢ ? Hall, Stuart. Modernity and its futures. Cambridge: Polity Press in association with the Open University, 1992. ? Hong, Junhao. The internationalization of television in China: the evolution of ideology, society, and media since the reform. Westport, Conn. : Praeger, 1998. †¢ Lange, Hellmuth, and Lars Meier. The new middle classes globalizing lifestyles, consumerism and environmental concern. Dordrecht: Springer, 2009. †¢ ? Mansell, Robin E.. The Management of information and communication technologies: emerging patterns of control. London: Aslib, 1994. †¢ ? Mansouri, Fethi. Migration, citizenship, and intercultural relat ions: looking through the lens of social inclusion.Farnham, Surrey: Ashgate, 2011. †¢ ? Meyrowitz, Joshua. No sense of place: the impact of electronic media on social behavior. New York: Oxford University Press, 1985. †¢ Rantanen, Terhi. The media and globalization. London: SAGE, 2005. †¢ ? Straubhaar, Thomas, and Klaus F. Zimmermann. Towards a European migration policy. Munchen: Volkswirtschaftliche Fakultat der Ludwig-Maximilians-Universitat Munchen, 1991. †¢ Thompson, J. B. The Media and Modernity. Cambridge: Polity. 1995. †¢ ? Tomlinson, John. Globalization and culture. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1999.

The Changing Role of Budget and Organizational Structure

1.1 BudgetBudget is one of common things that used in day-to-day life, but in accounting position, budget is one of managerial accounting tools to assist directors to pull off good companies through the manner of accounting itself. Based on day-to-day position, budget can be defined as figure of disbursals or addition that reserved by person, through calculating the possibility the sum of money. Through direction accounting position, Drury ( 2008 ) , define budget as elaborate programs for organizing and program of action for assorted activities in the hereafter. Harmonizing to Rajasekaran ( 2010 ) , budget is fiscal programs for the future actions, or it can be defined as future programs that expressed in pecuniary footings. Other than that, CIMA nomenclature ( 2005 ) defines budgeting as the procedure of create, implement and run the budget until the terminal of the budget period.Changing Role of Budget and Organizational StructureAs the changing of environment from industrial ages to information ages, the function of direction accounting was altering either. This means that budget as one of direction accounting tools is altering in return. Changing function of budget can be seen from the psychological science position. Budget was used non merely as planning and control tools for a company, but besides as motivational consequence for the workers, even from different organisational degree ( Parker D.L. , 2002, Hoque, 2003, Birnberg J. G. , Luft J. , Shields M. D. , 2007 ) . This motive might assist workers and company to run into the end congruity and the best public presentation of both workers and company. Some research workers besides link the so called relationship with another function, which is information sharing between superior and subsidiaries. Another function of budget in sharing the information to the subsidiaries might increase the public presentation of single worker ( Chong V. and Kar M. C. , 2002, Parker J. and Kyj L. , 2006, Leach-Lopez M. , Stammerjohan W. and McNair F. M. , 2007, Heath R. and Brown J. , 2007, Su J. T. and Lin W.L, 2007 ) , since they have adequate information related to the occupation itself. Besides, non merely function of budget, but besides the formation of organisational construction, that changed due to environmental alterations. Parker D. L. ( 2002 ) stated that most of companies are traveling to more flexible signifier of organisational construction. Decision-making and budgeting procedure within companies are developing with decentralized and participatory direction manner. This means that workers at different degree of organisational hierarchy can impact the determination in the company, although the power in engagement might be differ for each degree of hierarchy. This can be seen from the research of Majovski I.P. ( 2007 ) , about the direction manner in northern Europe. The consequence proven that most of companies in the part are implementing the flexible and decentralised direction manner.Budget Process ApproachThe alterations in direction manner might impact the degree of engagement of the budgeting procedure attack in return. Harmonizing to Drury ( 2008 ) , in puting up budget there are three ( 3 ) attack of engagement degree, there are top-down budget, bottom-up budget, and blended attack. Top-down budget is the budget scene that has no or less influence participatory by the subsidiaries or budgetees. Imposed budget is normally used to replace the name of top-down budget. Besides, the low degree directions besides have low power in the engagement and involved in the computations of budget for the top direction. Top-down budget has one chief advantage, which top direction can ever guarantee the end congruity and scheme alliance with the operation. Other than that, top-down budget can cut down the complexness and time-consuming of budgeting procedure. On contrary, it has disadvantages to the budgetee, for illustration, if the budget degree is excessively high and impossible to accomplish, the workers can be de-motivated and create inauspicious public presentation. Disadvantages might besides impact the organisation as a whole, for illustration if the budget degree is excessively easy to achieve, the worker can handle the budget as a box-ticking. Bottom-up budget is the budget scene procedure that allows full engagement from operational degree. Participatory budget is used for replacing the name of bottom-up budget. Normally, top direction give a general budget guideline for the lower director and subsidiaries, so the flows of budget scene development will be started from the lowest degree. Information will be gathered and grouped along the manner to the higher-level director until approved by both of top direction and budget commission. Bottom-up budget may incur extremely complexness and time-consuming for the overall budget scene procedure. Therefore, it might guarantee the committedness of all degree of company ‘s worker. The last attack is the blended attack, which is combination of both imposed budget and participatory budget. This blended attack normally called as negotiated budget. This attack starts with the puting up the fiscal public presentation aim by the top direction and it will be distributed down to lower-level workers. Then, runing directors might roll up informations and make the budget based on the aim every bit good as the lower-level workers. After the budget created, it will be reviewed by top direction to make up one's mind whether the budget is appropriate and approved. This attack might be insistent, if the budget disapproved by top direction until the concluding credence of budget is reached. Negotiated budget might give the budgetee to work hand in glove and within the end congruity of the company. Slack in budget besides can be reduced, due to the appropriate degree of the budget. This attack requires extremely engineering environment companies in puting up the budget.Problem StatementTraditional budgeting is a common pattern in the corporate universeResearch workers are reasoning about the rightness of budget in the current environment in information ages. Hope & A ; Fraser ( 2003 ) argue the utility of budget in the current environment state of affairs. They suggest that budget should be abolished and supersedes by another type of managerial accounting tools, viz. beyond budgeting. Thus, based on explorative surveies from several parts around the universe, traditional direction accounting tools are still adopted by bulk of companies. The grounds of the use of traditional tools like budgeting are due to the higher benefit, simpleness, exchanging cost, and so on ( Pavlatos O. & A ; Paggios I. , 2009, Libby T. , Lindsay M. R. , 2009, Uyar A. , Bilgin N. , 2010 ) . Due to the study of those research workers, it means that budgeting is still implemented and adopted in the current environment today, although the function of it could be changed. Problem arises within the organisation to in puting up the budget degree to the lower director until the operational degree in the hierarchy. Research workers and theoretician in direction accounting are reasoning each other about the engagement in puting up budgets in impacting motive of the workers every bit good as the sharing of information. Company ‘s directions are besides seeking the best attack in the execution of the budget to actuate and accomplish the best public presentation of all workers and directors in every degree of organisation.Most of research in engagement in budget scene with public presentation done in developed statesBased on one of literatures that have been reviewed, Leach-Lopez M. , Stammerjohan W. and Kyoo S.L. , ( 2007 ) , conclude that there is positive relationship between budget engagement on public presentation ( Brownell P. and McIness M. , 1986, Kren, 1992, Kennis I. , 1979, Searfoss A. and Monczka R. , 1973 ) . Leach-Lopez et Al. ( 2007 ) has done this research in different range and samples. The first research range on the Korean directors in US companies and the 2nd research range on the Mexican directors in US companies. In contrast, the former research merely uses the job-relevant information, whereas the latter research uses both job-relevant information and occupation satisfaction as intervening variables. Even though there were so many researches about the relationship between those two, Brownell P. and McIness M. , ( 1986 ) argue that there is no specific proving on this country, although most of the researches give the same relationship.Incompatibility found in the intervening function of motive between the relationship between budget engagement on public presentationSeveral research workers in the old surveies besides found the positive relationship between budget engagement on public presentation through motive ( Merchant K. 1981, Kennis I. , 1979, Searfoss A. and Monczka R. , 1973 ) . Other than that, Browne ll P. and McIness M. , ( 1986 ) did non happen any relationship between the budget engagement with public presentation through motive variable. Kren L. ( 1992 ) besides supports this statement through her research. After Kren ‘s survey, there are several research workers ( Parker J. and Kyj L. 2006, Wong B. , Guo L. and Lui G. 2010, Eker M. , 2006, Chong V. and Kar M. C. , 2002 ) , who try to concentrate on this relationship. The consequence from old researches found an incompatibility of the motive as step ining variable.Result spread in the relationship of job-relevant information as step ining function between budget engagement on public presentationIncompatibilities besides found in the function of information sharing through job-relevant information that found in several literatures. Some research workers based on their findings shows that the consequence on job-relevant information in the relation between budget engagement with public presentation is non excessively impo rtant. Thus, some said it might give bravery for the workers to execute good in the plants. Analyze on this country, motive and information sharing, might be required in order to see the cogency of the old surveies.Research QuestionMost of the researches have been done in the US, there is no important research about this country in Asia part. In order to see the old findings in this country, this research will scope in the Asiatic part, peculiarly South-East Asia part, although some factors are impacting in this surveies, for illustration the difference in civilization, life style, communicating, and so on. Therefore these are chief two inquiries driven from this survey: Is there any relationship between engagement of budget on public presentation within Asiatic workers? Is there any relationship between budget engagement with public presentation through motive? Is there any relationship between budget engagement with public presentation through information sharing? Make the consequence of past researches still valid for current environment?Aim of StudyTo cognize whether is at that place any relationship between budget engagement with public presentation within Asiatic workers. To find relationship between budget engagement on public presentation through motive. To find relationship between budget engagement on public presentation through information sharing. To compare the consequence of current research with past researches.Significance of StudyThis survey will give part to concern practicians, particularly top direction of company to put up whether to give power to lower-level workers in engagement on budget scene. Therefore, appropriate degree of engagement and budget degree can be met in the operation, so that company and workers could work in line with the end congruity of the company to accomplish better public presentation. Management will besides cognize the specific relationship of motive and information sharing as step ining variable in the significance with public presentation. Therefore, directors can take whether to use the budget engagement in budget scene or non. Other than that, this survey besides can convey part to academician on the country of behavioural accounting in pattern. Through this research, academicians can see whether the theories on books and other literatures can be applied in Asia part, with other factors impacting the human resource itself.Outline of DissertationThis thesis will be divided into five ( 5 ) chief chapters: Introduction, Literature Review, Methodology, Findings & A ; Analysis, in conclusion Conclusion and Recommendations.Chapter One – IntroductionIntroduction gives reader about overview of current issue in budgeting, the changing of environment that affect function of budgeting and organisational construction in the common concern pattern today. Problems that developed under new function of budgeting are assessed through some literatures. Research inquiries and aims of surveies built in this chapter besides. In the terminal, significance of surveies will be given, to guarantee that this survey contribut es for specific readers.Chapter Two – Literature ReappraisalIn this chapter, literatures from old researches will be assessed in order to give clear image about the specific issue that happened. The issue about the behavioral budget, motive, will be explained in item, along with the relationship with other independent variables. Each of literature will be reviewed in item from its methodological analysis, informations, analysis, consequence, and decisions.Chapter Three – MethodologyIn this chapter, elaborate method in developing this survey will be explained in item, from type of informations, population, samples, instrument, measuring, hypothesis and the informations analysis program.Chapter Four – Data Analysis, Results & A ; DiscussionData collected will be analyzed with the statistical bundle for societal scientific discipline ( SPSS ) . The consequence from analysis will be discussed exhaustively.Chapter Five – Conclusions & A ; RecommendationsThis l ast chapter will reason all the findings and treatment between the consequences that gathered in informations aggregation. Restriction of the survey will be given, along with the recommendation for other research workers. Future research countries, which non covered in this survey, will be given either.Chapter 2LITERATURE REVIEWThis chapter will depict all the literature gathered under the budget engagement, information sharing, motive and public presentation, along with its relationship from the past researches. Number of research under this country, budget engagement with public presentation has been done in the past clip, during the twentieth century ( Merchant K. 1981, Kennis I. , 1979, Searfoss A. and Monczka R. , 1973, Brownell P. and McIness M. , 1986 and Kren L. 1992 ) . But still, so many research workers replicates those surveies, but with different step ining variables, measuring every bit good as informations analysis. This literature reappraisal consists of three ( 2 ) sub-titles, viz. : Budget Participation on Performance through and Budget Participation on Motivation and Performance through Information Sharing. In the last portion of this chapter, decision and theoretical model of this survey will be provided.Relationship between Budget Participation on Performance through MotivationNumber of literatures found in this country is from the past old surveies and less figure of research worker that focal point in this country. Based on literature found, Searfoss D. and Monczka R. ( 1973 ) do this research to analyze the relationship of budget engagement with the motive of the budgetee to courage the public presentation, along with other step ining variables, need for independency and authorianism. This survey uses the primary informations based on questionnaire that distributed to 365 samples with different degrees of workers and directors. Result found that there is a positive relationship between budget engagement on motive. Positive relationship besides found in the organisational place or degree with the degree of budget engagement. But, there is no relationship between other two step ining variables from the findings of the research. Kennis I. ( 1979 ) supports the old research on this country, by keeping the research about the budget engagement, lucidity, feedback, attitudes, and self-rated public presentation between 169 operational directors through questionnaire. Result found that engagement in the budget scene could give the motivational consequence to the workers to accomplish better public presentation. Merchant K. ( 1981 ) has done research to analyze the difference in the budgeting system sing to corporate size, diverseness and decentalisation to be related with motive and attitude toward the budget. Sample size of 170 directors from the companies is collected and responded the questionnaire. Result found that size of corporate give different consequence for each of relationship of the variables. But, by and large positive relationship is found between the engagement toward the attitude of the budget. Eker M. ( 2006 ) established the extend survey of budget engagement on public presentation, with the step ining variable of organisational committedness. Convenience sampling is chosen to pick the samples of 150 companies between top 500 companies in Turkey. Companies were sent a questionnaire consist of three measuring of those variables. The informations were analyzed by utilizing correlativity analysis, factor analysis, multiple arrested development analysis and t-test. Result found that, organisational committedness is a important step ining variable between the relationships of budget engagement with the managerial public presentation. Chong V. and Kar M. C. ( 2002 ) conduct the survey within the directors in Australian companies to analyze the relationship between budget engagement and public presentation, with budget committedness and job-relevant information as intervening variables. Samples of 84 directors were asked to make full up the questionnaire and informations were collected. Result found that, budget engagement can heighten the motive in perpetrating the budget. It besides gives the informational consequence to heighten the job-relevant information to back up the public presentation in the terminal. It supports the past surveies about the double function of budget engagement. The former is motivational effects and the latter is informational consequence. Wong B. , Guo L. and Lui G. ( 2010 ) use the self-government theory ( SDT ) as their footing of research. SDT suggest that engagement needed in the budgeting procedure for the interest of motive, morale, public presentation and occupation satisfaction. In this survey, motive divided into several types, intrinsic, extrinsic, independent and controlled motive. Study has been done in Hongkong by sample size of 101 bank directors through voluntary seminar and questionnaire. Result found that through engagement in budgeting public presentation in the occupation can be increased. On contrary, Brown and McIness ( 1986 ) , did non happen the same thing like above. Through the empirical survey within 224 middle-level directors in Australia, they did non happen any strong relationship between these two variables. Kren L. ( 1992 ) examined the relationship about those variables with other step ining variables in the research. By carry oning interview 80 directors of 500 top companies in USA. She found that there was unobvious relationship between public presentations through motive of budget. Therefore, relationship between budget engagement has positive relationship with public presentation itself. Parker J. and Kyj L. ( 2006 ) develop the survey of the relationship between the budget engagement with public presentation, with the perpendicular information sharing theoretical account between supervisors with subsidiaries in the budgeting procedure. Other than information sharing, organisational committedness and function ambiguity were tested in this survey as step ining variables. Data aggregation within sample size of 70 directors with subsidiaries has been done through questionnaire. The informations were tested with the way analysis with a consequence of the important relationship between the budgetary engagement with public presentation, through step ining variable of information sharing. Other step ining variables were found non important with the chief variables.Relationship between Budget Participation on Performance through Information SharingChong V. and Kar M. C. ( 2002 ) in the same survey like explained in the old sub-chapter were reasoning that the budget engagemen t through information sharing of job-relevant information might assist the subsidiaries to work good and accomplish better public presentation. Parker J. and Kyj L. ( 2006 ) in the surveies like explained in the old sub-chapter besides examine the informational sharing consequence of job-relevant information in the budget engagement that could increase the public presentation of the worker that can non be found in the other intervening variables. Leach-Lopez M. , Stammerjohan W. and McNair F. M. ( 2007 ) follows and spread out Kren L. ( 1992 ) past surveies on this country. They distinguish the consequence of the budget engagement with public presentation straight and indirectly. Other than that, other step ining variables, occupation relevant information and occupation satisfaction, besides introduced here. The survey conducted within 143 Mexican and American mid-managers in US companies. The analysis was utilizing the past research workers theoretical account, like way theoretical account correlativity, t-test, robustness trial and p-value trial. Findingss show that, there is strong relationship between public presentations in budget engagement. The difference that the writers research than the past researches is the causal mechanism that associating those two variables. The intervening variables, job-relevant information that affects the relationship between independent and dependent variables is alterations with the degre e of bilingual ability of the Mexican directors. However, another step ining variable, occupation satisfaction did non give a important relation with those variables. Leach-Lopez M. , Stammerjohan W. and Kyoo S. L. ( 2007 ) survey is a reproduction of the surveies of old literature by Leach-Lopez M. , Stammerjohan W. and McNair F. M. ( 2007 ) with the same variables and informations analysis in the surveies. The difference in this survey is the samples, by utilizing Korean directors in the US companies, respondents of 71 directors respond for the questionnaire. The findings show the same things as old research, but causal mechanism in the intervening variables is different with the past samples. In this survey, consequence shows that there is important function of the occupation satisfaction as step ining variable between budget engagement with public presentation between Korean directors. Heath R. and Brown J. ( 2007 ) conducted an drawn-out survey from old research Kren L. ( 1992 ) within 259 workers through questionnaire to analyze the relationship between budget engagement with personal public presentation. But, they manage to associate other variables, job-relevant information and self-efficacy, as step ining variable. Arrested development analysis, coefficient analysis every bit good as t-test have been done for the analysis of the information gathered. Result found that, all those variables are related each other with positive relationship within all degrees of direction in the organisation. Su J. T. and Lin W.L ( 2007 ) clears the spread of the incompatibility in several accounting literatures about the consequence of public presentation in the budget engagement with step ining variable, information dissymmetry. This survey was held in Taiwan, with a sample size of 168 employees, through questionnaire. Path analysis and correlativity analysis used for analysing the information of the respondents. Based on the findings, the past surveies about the positive relationship between budget engagement on public presentation were proven. Information dissymmetry besides establishes positive relationship as an intervening variable. If the variable is present, public presentation will increase and frailty versa. Adler R. W. and Reid J. ( 2008 ) survey about the wider range of the consequence of non merely the budget engagement, but besides leading manner on occupation public presentation and satisfaction. Through questionnaire, 40 middle-level director in New-Zealand companies answer the inquiry. Consequence after the information analysis of dependability testing and stepwise arrested development shows that there is relationship between all variables that tested. However, the leading manner shows no relationship as chairing variable with the occupation public presentation of the worker.DecisionMajority of the past researches done by making cross-sectional surveies in this country, so causal relationship can non be found in all of the surveies. This is could be the unfavorable judgments that occur in the survey. Low generalizability besides being an restriction on the survey. Since most of the surveies about the relationship between engagement in budget scene on public presentation have been done in USA and give the same consequence, survey in the other part might be needed to research in other part. Other than that, information sharing and motive as an intervening variable could be needed answer the incompatibilities in the past surveies.Theoretical ModelBased on the past literatures, theoretical model between the variables in the survey can be developed as a diagram as follows: Engagement in budgeting procedure as independent variable will impact positively to public presentation as dependent variable. Motivation could work as step ining variable in this model. From the past findings, motive that related by engagement in budget procedure can impact positively to the public presentation. But still, some research workers found different consequence in the survey. Motivation in this survey can be in signifier of budget committedness. Other than that, function of budget engagement as information sharing could be in signifier of job-relevant information, merely like the old surveies. A spread was found in this function of engagement in budgeting, nevertheless most of research workers treat the job-relevant information as a positive related with the public presentation.

happy feet Essay Example

happy feet Essay Example happy feet Paper happy feet Paper happy feet BY kealaog hghbvutkJvht gughJk ykJh gyuk vtuykiyg gkuluif Jnh bnhJJ jkbkJJbh uhiuhuikany Animal Logic. Though primarily an animated film, Happy Feet does incorporate motion capture of live action humans in certain scenes. The film was simultaneously released in both conventional theatres and in IMAX 2D format. [2] The studio had hinted that a future IMAX 3D release was a possibility. However, Warner Bros. , the films production company, was on too tight a budget to release Happy Feet in IMAX digital 3D. 3] Happy Feet won the Academy Award for Best Animated Feature and the BAFTA Award or Best Animated Film, and was nominated for the Annie Award for Best Animated Feature and the Saturn Award for Best Animated Film. The film was dedicated in memory of Nick Enright, Michael Jonson, Robby McNeilly Green, and Steve Irwin. A sequel, Happy Feet Two, was released into theatres November 18, 2011 and received mixed reviews. Contents [hide] 1 Plot 2 cast 3 Production 3. 1 Environmenta l message 3. 2 MusiC 4 Reception 4. 1 Box office 4. 2 Critical reception 4. Analysis 4. 4 Home media 5 Accolades 5. 1 Wins 5. 2 Nominations 5. 3 Top ten lists 6 Video games 7 Sequels 8 Happy Feet 4-D Experience See also 10 References 11 External links plot Every Emperor Penguin sings a unique song called a heartsong to attract a mate. If the male penguins heartsong matches the females song, the two penguins mate. Norma Jean, a female penguin, falls for Memphis, a male penguin and they become mates. They lay an egg, which is left in Memphis care, while Norma Jean leaves with the other females to fish. While the males struggle through the harsh winter, Memphis briefly drops the egg. The resulting chick, Mumble, has no vocal talent, but regarded as the most talented of his age. One day, Mumble encounters a group of ostile Skua, with a leader who is tagged with a yellow band, which he claims to have been from an alien abduction. Mumble narrowly escapes the hungry birds by falling into a crevice. Years later, an adult Mumble is now an outcast who is frowned upon by his elders. After being shunned during the graduates song, he is attacked by a leopard seal. After escaping, he befriends a group of Adelie Penguins called the Amigos, who embrace Mumbles dance moves and assimilate him into their group. After seeing a hidden human excavator in an avalanche, they opt to ask Lovelace, a Rockhopper Penguin, about its origin. Lovelace has the plastic rings of a six pack entangled around his neck, which he claims to have been bestowed upon him by mystic beings. For the emperor penguins, it is mating season and Gloria is the center of attention. Ramon tries to help Mumble win her affection by singing a Spanish version of My Way, with Mumble lip syncing. When Gloria sees Ramon behind Mumbles back, she becomes angry and turns away. As a last resort, Mumble begins tap dancing in synch with her song. She falls for him and all the youthful penguins join in for singing and dancing to Boogie Wonderland. The elders are appalled by Mumbles conduct, which they see as the reason for their lean fishing season. Memphis begs Mumble to stop dancing, for his own sake, but when Mumble refuses, he is banished. Mumble and the Amigos return to Lovelace, only to find him being choked by the plastic rings. : Lovelace confesses they were snagged on him while swimming off the forbidden shores, beyond the land of the elephant seals. Not long into their Journey, they are met by Gloria, who wishes to Join with Mumble as his mate. Fearing for her safety, he ostracizes Gloria, driving her away. At the forbidden shore, the group finds a fishing boat. Mumble pursues it solo to the brink of xhaustion. He is eventually washed up on the shore of Australia, where he is rescued and kept at Marine World with Magellanic Penguins. After a long and secluded confinement in addition to fruitlessly trying to communicate with the humans, he nearly succumbs to madness. When a girl attempts to interact with Mumble by tapping the glass, he starts dancing, which attracts a large crowd. He is released back into the wild, with a tracking device attached to his back. He returns to his colony and challenges the will of the elders. Memphis reconciles with him, Just as a research team arrives, proving the aliens to be true. The whole of the colony, even Noah, engages in dance. The research team returns their expedition footage, prompting a worldwide debate. The governments realize they are overfishing, leading to the banning of all Antarctic fishing. At this, the Emperor Penguins and the Amigos celebrate. In the final scene, a baby penguin is seen dancing next to Mumble and Gloria, revealed to be their son Erik in Happy Feet Two. Cast Elijah Wood as Mumble Robin Williams as Ramon and Lovelace Brittany Murphy as Gloria Hugh Jackman as Memphis Nicole Kidman as Norma Jean Hugo Weaving as Noah the Elder Steve Irwin as Trev Lombardo Boyar as Raul Jeffrey Garcia as Rinaldo Johnny Sanchez as Lombardo Miriam Margoyles as Mrs. Astrakhan Fat Joe as Seymour Anthony LaPaglia as Skua Boss Roger Rose as Leopard Seal Elizabeth Daily as baby Mumble Alyssa Shafer as baby Gloria Production Miller cites as an initial inspiration for the film an encounter with a grizzled old camera-man, whose father was Frank Hurley of the Shackleton expeditions, during the shooting of Mad Max 2: We were sitting in this bar, having a milkshake, and he looked across at me and said, Antarctica. Hed shot a documentary there. He said, YouVe got to make a film in Antarctica. Its Just like out here, in the wasteland. Its spectacular. And that always stuck in my head. [4] Happy Feet was also partially inspired by earlier documentaries such as the BBCs Life in the Freezer. [5] In 2001, during an otherwise non-sequiter meeting, Doug Mitchell impulsively presented Warner Bros. , studio president Alan Horn with an early rough draft of the films screenplay, and asked them to read it while he and Miller flew back to Australia. By the time theyd landed, Warner Bros. ad decided to provide funding on the film. Production was slated to begin sometime after the completion of the fourth Mad Max ilm, Fury Road, but geo-political complications pushed Happy Feet to the forefront in early 2003. An earlier cut of the film seems to have included a large subplot regarding aliens in the extraterrestrial sense, whose presence was made gradually more and more known throughout, and who were planning to siphon off the planets reso urces gradually, placing the humans in the same light as the penguins. At the end, through the plight of the main character, their hand is stayed and, instead, first contact is made. This was chopped out during the last year of production, and has et to see the light of day in a finished form, although concept art from these sequences were showcased at the Siggraph 2007 demonstration,[6] and are available online, as well. The animation in Happy Feet invested heavily in motion capture technology, with the dance scenes acted out by human dancers. The tap-dancing for Mumble in particular was provided by Savion Glover who was also co-choreographer for the dance sequences. [7] The dancers went through Penguin School to learn how to move like a penguin, and also wore head apparatus to mimic a penguins ygbbuikyfk dct gwlb uyyitf; fu lgy I yug; g; g;